Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/lark-parser/lark into better-terminals

Conflicts: lark/common.py lark/exceptions.py lark/lexer.py lark/load_grammar.py lark/parser_frontends.py
4 years ago · 17d4da7924
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Lark is great at handling ambiguity. Here is the result of parsing the phrase "f
 - MyPy support using type stubs
 - And much more!

 See the full list of [features here](https://lark-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/features/)
 See the full list of [features here](https://lark-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/features.html)


 ### Comparison to other libraries
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Check out the [JSON tutorial](/docs/json_tutorial.md#conclusion) for more detail
 |:--------|:----------|:----|:--------|:------------|:------------|:----------|:----------
 | **Lark** | Earley/LALR(1) | EBNF | Yes! | Yes! | Yes! | Yes! | Yes! (LALR only) |
 | [PLY](http://www.dabeaz.com/ply/) | LALR(1) | BNF | No | No | No | No | No |
 | [PyParsing](http://pyparsing.wikispaces.com/) | PEG | Combinators | No | No | No\* | No | No |
 | [PyParsing](https://github.com/pyparsing/pyparsing) | PEG | Combinators | No | No | No\* | No | No |
 | [Parsley](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Parsley) | PEG | EBNF | No | No | No\* | No | No |
 | [Parsimonious](https://github.com/erikrose/parsimonious) | PEG | EBNF | Yes | No | No\* | No | No |
 | [ANTLR](https://github.com/antlr/antlr4) | LL(*) | EBNF | Yes | No | Yes? | Yes | No |
--- a/docs/_static/sppf/sppf.html
+++ b/docs/_static/sppf/sppf.html
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
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    <h1 itemprop="name">Shared Packed Parse Forest (SPPF)</h1>



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    <time datetime="2014-06-27 12:00:00 +0000 UTC" itemprop="datePublished">
      Fri, Jun 27, 2014
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    <a class="article-tag-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128172318/http://www.bramvandersanden.com/tags/parsing">parsing</a>,

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      <p></p>

 <p>In the last decade there has been a lot of interest in generalized parsing techniques. These techniques can be used to generate a working parser for any context-free grammar. This means that we no longer have to massage our grammar to fit into restricted classes such as <em>LL(k)</em> or <em>LR(k)</em>. Supporting all context-free grammars means that grammars can be written in a natural way, and grammars can be combined, since the class of context-free grammars is closed under composition.</p>

 <p>One of the consequences of supporting the whole class of context-free grammars is that also ambiguous grammars are supported. In an ambiguous grammar there are sentences in the language that can be derived in multiple ways. Each derivation results in a distinct parse tree. For each additional ambiguity in the input sentence, the number of derivations might grow exponentially. Therefore generalized parsers output a parse forest, rather than a set of the parse trees. In this parse forest, often sharing is used used to reduce the total space required to represent all derivation trees. Nodes which have the same subtree are shared, and nodes are combined which correspond to different derivations of the same substring. A parse forest where sharing is employed is called a shared packed parse forest (SPPF).</p>

 <p>This article will describe the SPPF data structure in more detail. More information about the generation of the SPPF using the GLL algorithm can be found in the paper <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128172318/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2012.03.005">GLL parse-tree generation</a> by E. Scott and A. Johnstone. Right Nulled GLR parsers can also be used to generate an SPPF, which is described in the paper <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128172318/http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1146809.1146810">Right Nulled GLR Parsers</a> by E. Scott and A. Johnstone.</p>

 <p>There are three types of nodes in an SPPF associated with a GLL parser: <em>symbol nodes</em>, <em>packed nodes</em>, and <em>intermediate nodes</em>. In the visualizations symbol nodes are shown as rectangles with rounded corners, packed nodes are shown as circles, or ovals when the label is visualized, and intermediate nodes are shown as rectangles.</p>

 <p>Symbol nodes have labels of the form $(x,j,i)$ where $x$ is a terminal, nonterminal, or $\varepsilon$ (i.e. $x \in T \cup N \cup \lbrace \varepsilon \rbrace$), and $0 \leq j \leq i \leq m$ with $m$ being the length of the input sentence. The tuple $(j,i)$ is called the <em>extent</em>, and denotes that the symbol $x$ has been matched on the substring from position $j$ up to position $i$. Here $j$ is called the <em>left extent</em>, and $i$ is called the <em>right extent</em>.</p>

 <p>Packed nodes have labels of the form $(t,k)$, where $0 \leq k \leq m$. Here $k$ is called the <em>pivot</em>, and $t$ is of the form $X ::= \alpha \cdot \beta$. The value of $k$ represents that the last symbol of $\alpha$ ends at position $k$ of the input string. Packed nodes are used to represent multiple derivation trees. When multiple derivations are possible with the same extent, starting from the same nonterminal symbol node, a separate packed node is added to the symbol node for each derivation.</p>

 <p>Intermediate nodes are used to binarize the SPPF. They are introduced from the left, and group the children of packed nodes in pairs from the left. The binarization ensures that the size of the SPPF is worst-case cubic in the size of the input sentence. The fact that the SPPF is binarized does not mean that each node in the SPPF has at most two children. A symbol node or intermediate node can still have as many packed node children as there are ambiguities starting from it. Intermediate nodes have labels of the form $(t,j,i)$ where $t$ is a grammar slot, and $(j,i)$ is the extent. There are no intermediate nodes of the shape $(A ::= \alpha \cdot, j,i)$, where the grammar pointer of the grammar slot is at the end of the alternate. These grammar slots are present in the form of symbol nodes.</p>

 <p>Consider the following grammar:</p>

 <p>$\quad S ::= ABCD \quad A ::= a \quad B ::= b \quad C ::= c \quad D ::= d. $</p>

 <p>Then given input sentence $abcd$, the the following SPPF will be the result:</p>


 <figure>

        <img src="sppf_abcd.svg"/>


    <figcaption>
        <h4>SPPF with intermediate nodes</h4>

    </figcaption>

 </figure>


 <p>Suppose that the intermediate nodes had not been added to the SPPF. Then the nonterminal symbol nodes for $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ would have been attached to the nonterminal symbol node $S$:</p>


 <figure>

        <img src="sppf_abcd_noint.svg"/>


    <figcaption>
        <h4>SPPF without intermediate nodes</h4>

    </figcaption>

 </figure>


 <p>This example shows how intermediate nodes ensure that the tree is binarized.</p>

 <h2 id="adding-cycles">Adding cycles</h2>

 <p>Grammars that contain cycles can generate sentences which have infinitely many derivation trees. A context-free grammar is cyclic if there exists a nonterminal $A \in N$ and a derivation $A \overset{+}\Rightarrow A$. Note that a cyclic context-free grammar implies that the context-free grammar is left-recursive, but the converse does not hold. The derivation trees for a cyclic grammar are represented in the finite SPPF by introducing cycles in the graph.</p>

 <p>Consider the following cyclic grammar:
 $S ::= SS \mid a \mid \varepsilon$.</p>

 <p>Given input sentence $a$, there are infinitely many derivations. All these derivations are present in the following SPPF:</p>


 <figure>

        <img src="sppf_cycle.svg"/>


    <figcaption>
        <h4>SPPF containing an infinite number of derivations</h4>

    </figcaption>

 </figure>


 <h2 id="ambiguities">Ambiguities</h2>

 <p>A parse forest is <em>ambiguous</em> if and only if it contains at least one ambiguity. An ambiguity arises when a symbol node or intermediate node has at least two packed nodes as its children. Such nodes are called <em>ambiguous</em>. Consider for instance the following grammar with input sentence $1+1+1$:
 $ E ::= E + E \mid 1 $.</p>

 <p>This gives the following SPPF:</p>


 <figure>

        <img src="sppf_111.svg"/>


    <figcaption>
        <h4>SPPF containing an ambiguous root node</h4>

    </figcaption>

 </figure>


 <p>In this SPPF, symbol node $(E,0,5)$ has two packed nodes as children. This means that there are at least two different parse trees starting at this node, the parse trees representing derivations $(E+(E+E))$ and $((E+E)+E)$ respectively.</p>

 <p>The set of all parse trees present in the SPPF is defined in the following way:</p>

 <p>Start at the root node of the SPPF, and walk the tree by choosing one packed node below each visited node, and choosing all the children of a visited packed node in a recursive manner.</p>

 <h2 id="structural-properties">Structural Properties</h2>

 <p>There are various structural properties that are useful when reasoning about SPPFs in general. At first note that each symbol node $(E,j,i)$ with $E \in T \cup N \cup \lbrace \varepsilon \rbrace$ is unique, so an SPPF does not contain two symbol nodes $(A,k,l)$ and $(B,m,n)$ with $A = B, k = m$, and $l=n$.</p>

 <p>Terminal symbol nodes have no children. These nodes represent the leaves of the parse forest. Nonterminal symbol nodes $(A,j,i)$ have packed node children of the form $(A ::= \gamma \cdot, k)$ with $j \leq k \leq i$, and the number of children is not limited to two.</p>

 <p>Intermediate nodes $(t,j,i)$ have packed node children with labels of the form $(t,k)$, where $j \leq k \leq i$.</p>

 <p>Packed nodes $(t,k)$ have one or two children. The right child is a symbol node $(x,k,i)$ and the left child (if it exists) is a symbol or intermediate node with label $(s,j,k)$, where $j \leq k \leq i$. Packed nodes have always exactly one parent which is a symbol node or intermediate node.</p>

 <p>It is useful to observe that the SPPF is a bipartite graph, with on the one hand the set of intermediate and symbol nodes and on the other hand the set of packed nodes. Therefore edges always go from a node of the first type to a node of the second type, or the other way round. As a consequence, cyles in the SPPF are always of even length.</p>

 <h2 id="transformation-to-an-abstract-syntax-tree">Transformation to an abstract syntax tree</h2>

 <p>In the end, we often want a single abstract syntax tree (AST) when parsing an input sentence. In order to arrive at this AST, we need disambiguation techniques to remove undesired parse trees from the SPPF or avoid the generation of undesired parse trees in the first place. {% cite sanden2014thesis %} describes several SPPF disambiguation filters that remove ambiguities arising in expression grammars. Furthermore a method is described to integrate parse-time filtering in GLL that tries to avoid embedding undesired parse trees in the SPPF.</p>

 <p>Of course, other transformation might be needed such as the removal of whitespace and comments from the parse forest.</p>

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--- a/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/features.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 ## Extra features

  - Import rules and tokens from other Lark grammars, for code reuse and modularity.
  - Support for external regex module ([see here](classes.md#using-unicode-character-classes-with-regex))
  - Support for external regex module ([see here](classes.html#using-unicode-character-classes-with-regex))
  - Import grammars from Nearley.js ([read more](nearley.md))
  - CYK parser
  - Visualize your parse trees as dot or png files ([see_example](https://github.com/lark-parser/lark/blob/master/examples/fruitflies.py))
--- a/docs/grammar.md
+++ b/docs/grammar.md
@@ -112,9 +112,13 @@ You can use flags on regexps and strings. For example:
 ```perl
 SELECT: "select"i     //# Will ignore case, and match SELECT or Select, etc.
 MULTILINE_TEXT: /.+/s
 SIGNED_INTEGER: /
    [+-]?  # the sign
    (0|[1-9][0-9]*)  # the digits
 /x
 ```

 Supported flags are one of: `imslu`. See Python's regex documentation for more details on each one.
 Supported flags are one of: `imslux`. See Python's regex documentation for more details on each one.

 Regexps/strings of different flags can only be concatenated in Python 3.6+

@@ -251,7 +255,7 @@ COMMENT: "#" /[^\n]/*
 ```
 ### %import

 Allows to import terminals and rules from lark grammars.
 Allows one to import terminals and rules from lark grammars.

 When importing rules, all their dependencies will be imported into a namespace, to avoid collisions. It's not possible to override their dependencies (e.g. like you would when inheriting a class).

@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ When importing rules, all their dependencies will be imported into a namespace,
 %import <module> (<TERM1>, <TERM2>, <rule1>, <rule2>)
 ```

 If the module path is absolute, Lark will attempt to load it from the built-in directory (currently, only `common.lark` is available).
 If the module path is absolute, Lark will attempt to load it from the built-in directory (which currently contains `common.lark`, `python.lark`, and `unicode.lark`).

 If the module path is relative, such as `.path.to.file`, Lark will attempt to load it from the current working directory. Grammars must have the `.lark` extension.

--- a/docs/parsers.md
+++ b/docs/parsers.md
@@ -25,9 +25,18 @@ Lark provides the following options to combat ambiguity:

 3) As an advanced feature, users may use specialized visitors to iterate the SPPF themselves.

 **dynamic_complete**
 **lexer="dynamic_complete"**

 Earley's "dynamic" lexer uses regular expressions in order to tokenize the text. It tries every possible combination of terminals, but it matches each terminal exactly once, returning the longest possible match.

 That means, for example, that when `lexer="dynamic"` (which is the default), the terminal `/a+/`, when given the text `"aa"`, will return one result, `aa`, even though `a` would also be correct.

 This behavior was chosen because it is much faster, and it is usually what you would expect.

 Setting `lexer="dynamic_complete"` instructs the lexer to consider every possible regexp match. This ensures that the parser will consider and resolve every ambiguity, even inside the terminals themselves. This lexer provides the same capabilities as scannerless Earley, but with different performance tradeoffs.

 Warning: This lexer can be much slower, especially for open-ended terminals such as `/.*/`

 **TODO: Add documentation on dynamic_complete**

 ## LALR(1)

@@ -37,7 +46,9 @@ Lark comes with an efficient implementation that outperforms every other parsing

 Lark extends the traditional YACC-based architecture with a *contextual lexer*, which automatically provides feedback from the parser to the lexer, making the LALR(1) algorithm stronger than ever.

 The contextual lexer communicates with the parser, and uses the parser's lookahead prediction to narrow its choice of tokens. So at each point, the lexer only matches the subgroup of terminals that are legal at that parser state, instead of all of the terminals. It’s surprisingly effective at resolving common terminal collisions, and allows one to parse languages that LALR(1) was previously incapable of parsing.
 The contextual lexer communicates with the parser, and uses the parser's lookahead prediction to narrow its choice of terminals. So at each point, the lexer only matches the subgroup of terminals that are legal at that parser state, instead of all of the terminals. It’s surprisingly effective at resolving common terminal collisions, and allows one to parse languages that LALR(1) was previously incapable of parsing.

 (If you're familiar with YACC, you can think of it as automatic lexer-states)

 This is an improvement to LALR(1) that is unique to Lark.

--- a/docs/philosophy.md
+++ b/docs/philosophy.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Lark's mission is to make the process of writing them as simple and abstract as

 5. Performance is still very important

 6. Follow the Zen Of Python, whenever possible and applicable
 6. Follow the Zen of Python, whenever possible and applicable


 In accordance with these principles, I arrived at the following design choices:
--- a/docs/visitors.rst
+++ b/docs/visitors.rst
@@ -30,15 +30,17 @@ Example:
    ::

        class IncreaseAllNumbers(Visitor):
        def number(self, tree):
            assert tree.data == "number"
            tree.children[0] += 1
            def number(self, tree):
                assert tree.data == "number"
                tree.children[0] += 1

        IncreaseAllNumbers().visit(parse_tree)

 .. autoclass:: lark.visitors.Visitor
    :members: visit, visit_topdown, __default__

 .. autoclass:: lark.visitors.Visitor_Recursive
    :members: visit, visit_topdown, __default__

 Interpreter
 -----------
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ Transformer
 -----------

 .. autoclass:: lark.visitors.Transformer
    :members: __default__, __default_token__
    :members: transform, __default__, __default_token__, __mul__

 Example:
    ::
@@ -90,6 +92,11 @@ Example:

        T(visit_tokens=True).transform(tree)

 .. autoclass:: lark.visitors.Transformer_NonRecursive

 .. autoclass:: lark.visitors.Transformer_InPlace

 .. autoclass:: lark.visitors.Transformer_InPlaceRecursive

 v_args
 ------
--- a/examples/advanced/error_reporting_earley.py
+++ b/examples/advanced/error_reporting_earley.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
 """
 Example-Driven Error Reporting
 ==============================

 A demonstration of example-driven error reporting with the Earley parser
 (See also: error_reporting_lalr.py)
 """
 from lark import Lark, UnexpectedInput

 from _json_parser import json_grammar   # Using the grammar from the json_parser example

 json_parser = Lark(json_grammar)

 class JsonSyntaxError(SyntaxError):
    def __str__(self):
        context, line, column = self.args
        return '%s at line %s, column %s.\n\n%s' % (self.label, line, column, context)

 class JsonMissingValue(JsonSyntaxError):
    label = 'Missing Value'

 class JsonMissingOpening(JsonSyntaxError):
    label = 'Missing Opening'

 class JsonMissingClosing(JsonSyntaxError):
    label = 'Missing Closing'

 class JsonMissingComma(JsonSyntaxError):
    label = 'Missing Comma'

 class JsonTrailingComma(JsonSyntaxError):
    label = 'Trailing Comma'


 def parse(json_text):
    try:
        j = json_parser.parse(json_text)
    except UnexpectedInput as u:
        exc_class = u.match_examples(json_parser.parse, {
            JsonMissingOpening: ['{"foo": ]}',
                                 '{"foor": }}',
                                 '{"foo": }'],
            JsonMissingClosing: ['{"foo": [}',
                                 '{',
                                 '{"a": 1',
                                 '[1'],
            JsonMissingComma: ['[1 2]',
                               '[false 1]',
                               '["b" 1]',
                               '{"a":true 1:4}',
                               '{"a":1 1:4}',
                               '{"a":"b" 1:4}'],
            JsonTrailingComma: ['[,]',
                                '[1,]',
                                '[1,2,]',
                                '{"foo":1,}',
                                '{"foo":false,"bar":true,}']
        }, use_accepts=True)
        if not exc_class:
            raise
        raise exc_class(u.get_context(json_text), u.line, u.column)


 def test():
    try:
        parse('{"example1": "value"')
    except JsonMissingClosing as e:
        print(e)

    try:
        parse('{"example2": ] ')
    except JsonMissingOpening as e:
        print(e)


 if __name__ == '__main__':
    test()


--- a/examples/advanced/error_reporting_lalr.py
+++ b/examples/advanced/error_reporting_lalr.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Example-Driven Error Reporting
 ==============================

 A demonstration of example-driven error reporting with the LALR parser

 (See also: error_reporting_earley.py)
 """
 from lark import Lark, UnexpectedInput

--- a/examples/advanced/python3.lark
+++ b/examples/advanced/python3.lark
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef | async_funcdef)
 async_funcdef: "async" funcdef
 funcdef: "def" NAME "(" parameters? ")" ["->" test] ":" suite

 parameters: paramvalue ("," paramvalue)* ["," [ starparams | kwparams]]
 parameters: paramvalue ("," paramvalue)* ["," "/"] ["," [starparams | kwparams]]
          | starparams
          | kwparams
 starparams: "*" typedparam? ("," paramvalue)* ["," kwparams]
@@ -163,22 +163,14 @@ yield_arg: "from" test | testlist

 number: DEC_NUMBER | HEX_NUMBER | BIN_NUMBER | OCT_NUMBER | FLOAT_NUMBER | IMAG_NUMBER
 string: STRING | LONG_STRING
 // Tokens

 NAME: /[a-zA-Z_]\w*/
 COMMENT: /#[^\n]*/
 _NEWLINE: ( /\r?\n[\t ]*/ | COMMENT )+

 // Import terminals from standard library (grammars/python.lark)
 %import python (NAME, COMMENT, STRING, LONG_STRING)
 %import python (DEC_NUMBER, HEX_NUMBER, OCT_NUMBER, BIN_NUMBER, FLOAT_NUMBER, IMAG_NUMBER)

 STRING : /[ubf]?r?("(?!"").*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?"|'(?!'').*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?')/i
 LONG_STRING: /[ubf]?r?(""".*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?"""|'''.*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?''')/is
 // Other terminals

 DEC_NUMBER: /0|[1-9]\d*/i
 HEX_NUMBER.2: /0x[\da-f]*/i
 OCT_NUMBER.2: /0o[0-7]*/i
 BIN_NUMBER.2 : /0b[0-1]*/i
 FLOAT_NUMBER.2: /((\d+\.\d*|\.\d+)(e[-+]?\d+)?|\d+(e[-+]?\d+))/i
 IMAG_NUMBER.2: /\d+j/i | FLOAT_NUMBER "j"i
 _NEWLINE: ( /\r?\n[\t ]*/ | COMMENT )+

 %ignore /[\t \f]+/  // WS
 %ignore /\\[\t \f]*\r?\n/   // LINE_CONT
--- a/examples/lark_grammar.py
+++ b/examples/lark_grammar.py
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ A reference implementation of the Lark grammar (using LALR(1))
 import lark
 from pathlib import Path

 parser = lark.Lark.open('lark.lark', rel_to=__file__, parser="lalr")

 examples_path = Path(__file__).parent
 lark_path = Path(lark.__file__).parent

 parser = lark.Lark.open(lark_path / 'grammars/lark.lark', rel_to=__file__, parser="lalr")


 grammar_files = [
    examples_path / 'lark.lark',
    examples_path / 'advanced/python2.lark',
    examples_path / 'advanced/python3.lark',
    examples_path / 'relative-imports/multiples.lark',
@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ grammar_files = [
    examples_path / 'relative-imports/multiple3.lark',
    examples_path / 'tests/no_newline_at_end.lark',
    examples_path / 'tests/negative_priority.lark',
    examples_path / 'standalone/json.lark',
    lark_path / 'grammars/common.lark',
    lark_path / 'grammars/lark.lark',
    lark_path / 'grammars/unicode.lark',
    lark_path / 'grammars/python.lark',
 ]

 def test():
--- a/lark-stubs/exceptions.pyi
+++ b/lark-stubs/exceptions.pyi
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ class LarkError(Exception):
    pass


 class ConfigurationError(LarkError, ValueError):
    pass


 class GrammarError(LarkError):
    pass

--- a/lark-stubs/lark.pyi
+++ b/lark-stubs/lark.pyi
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 from typing import (
    TypeVar, Type, List, Dict, IO, Iterator, Callable, Union, Optional,
    Literal, Protocol, Iterable,
    Literal, Protocol, Tuple,  Iterable,
 )
 from .visitors import Transformer
 from .lexer import Token, Lexer, TerminalDef
@@ -34,11 +34,25 @@ class LarkOptions:
    cache: Union[bool, str]
    g_regex_flags: int
    use_bytes: bool
    import_paths: List[Union[str, Callable[[Union[None, str, PackageResource], str], Tuple[str, str]]]]
    source_path: Optional[str]


 class PackageResource(object):
    pkg_name: str
    path: str
    
    def __init__(self, pkg_name: str, path: str): ...

 class FromPackageLoader:
    def __init__(self, pkg_name: str, search_paths: Tuple[str, ...] = ...): ...
    
    def __call__(self, base_path: Union[None, str, PackageResource], grammar_path: str) -> Tuple[PackageResource, str]: ...


 class Lark:
    source: str
    grammar_source: str
    source_path: str
    source_grammar: str
    options: LarkOptions
    lexer: Lexer
    terminals: List[TerminalDef]
@@ -49,7 +63,7 @@ class Lark:
        *,
        start: Union[None, str, List[str]] = "start",
        parser: Literal["earley", "lalr", "cyk"] = "auto",
        lexer: Union[Literal["auto", "standard", "contextual", "dynamic", "dynamic_complete"], Lexer] = "auto",
        lexer: Union[Literal["auto", "standard", "contextual", "dynamic", "dynamic_complete"], Type[Lexer]] = "auto",
        transformer: Optional[Transformer] = None,
        postlex: Optional[PostLex] = None,
        ambiguity: Literal["explicit", "resolve"] = "resolve",
@@ -62,6 +76,8 @@ class Lark:
        cache: Union[bool, str] = False,
        g_regex_flags: int = ...,
        use_bytes: bool = False,
        import_paths: List[Union[str, Callable[[Union[None, str, PackageResource], str], Tuple[str, str]]]] = ...,
        source_path: Optional[str]=None,
    ):
        ...

@@ -71,6 +87,10 @@ class Lark:
    @classmethod
    def open(cls: Type[_T], grammar_filename: str, rel_to: Optional[str] = None, **options) -> _T:
        ...
    
    @classmethod
    def open_from_package(cls: Type[_T], package: str, grammar_path: str, search_paths: Tuple[str, ...] = ..., **options) -> _T:
        ...

    def lex(self, text: str) -> Iterator[Token]:
        ...
--- a/lark-stubs/lexer.pyi
+++ b/lark-stubs/lexer.pyi
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from types import ModuleType
 from typing import (
    TypeVar, Type, Tuple, List, Dict, Iterator, Collection, Callable, Optional,
    TypeVar, Type, Tuple, List, Dict, Iterator, Collection, Callable, Optional, FrozenSet, Any,
    Pattern as REPattern,
 )
 from abc import abstractmethod, ABC
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ class Token(str):
    end_column: int
    end_pos: int

    def __init__(self, type_: str, value: Any, pos_in_stream: int = None, line: int = None, column: int = None, end_line: int = None, end_column: int = None, end_pos: int = None):
        ...

    def update(self, type_: Optional[str] = None, value: Optional[str] = None) -> Token:
        ...

@@ -100,10 +103,22 @@ class Lexer(ABC):
    lex: Callable[..., Iterator[Token]]


 class LexerConf:
     tokens: Collection[TerminalDef]
     re_module: ModuleType
     ignore: Collection[str] = ()
     postlex: Any =None
     callbacks: Optional[Dict[str, _Callback]] = None
     g_regex_flags: int = 0
     skip_validation: bool = False
     use_bytes: bool = False



 class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
    terminals: Collection[TerminalDef]
    ignore_types: List[str]
    newline_types: List[str]
    ignore_types: FrozenSet[str]
    newline_types: FrozenSet[str]
    user_callbacks: Dict[str, _Callback]
    callback: Dict[str, _Callback]
    mres: List[Tuple[REPattern, Dict[int, str]]]
@@ -111,11 +126,7 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):

    def __init__(
        self,
        terminals: Collection[TerminalDef],
        re_: ModuleType,
        ignore: Collection[str] = ...,
        user_callbacks: Dict[str, _Callback] = ...,
        g_regex_flags: int = ...
        conf: LexerConf
    ):
        ...

@@ -128,6 +139,8 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
    def lex(self, stream: str) -> Iterator[Token]:
        ...

    def next_token(self, lex_state: Any, parser_state: Any = None) -> Token:
        ...

 class ContextualLexer(Lexer):
    lexers: Dict[str, TraditionalLexer]
--- a/lark/init.py
+++ b/lark/init.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from .tree import Tree
 from .visitors import Transformer, Visitor, v_args, Discard, Transformer_NonRecursive
 from .visitors import InlineTransformer, inline_args   # XXX Deprecated
 from .exceptions import (ParseError, LexError, GrammarError, UnexpectedToken,
                         UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedCharacters, LarkError)
                         UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedCharacters, UnexpectedEOF, LarkError)
 from .lexer import Token
 from .lark import Lark

 __version__ = "0.10.1"
 __version__ = "0.11.1"
--- a/lark/common.py
+++ b/lark/common.py
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ from .lexer import TerminalDef

 ###{standalone


 class LexerConf(Serialize):
    __serialize_fields__ = 'terminals', 'ignore', 'g_regex_flags', 'use_bytes'
    __serialize_fields__ = 'terminals', 'ignore', 'g_regex_flags', 'use_bytes', 'lexer_type'
    __serialize_namespace__ = TerminalDef,

    def __init__(self, terminals, re_module, ignore=(), postlex=None, callbacks=None, g_regex_flags=0, skip_validation=False, use_bytes=False):
@@ -18,19 +19,24 @@ class LexerConf(Serialize):
        self.re_module = re_module
        self.skip_validation = skip_validation
        self.use_bytes = use_bytes
        self.lexer_type = None
    
    @property
    def tokens(self):
        warn("LexerConf.tokens is deprecated. Use LexerConf.terminals instead", DeprecationWarning)
        return self.terminals

 ###}

 class ParserConf:

 class ParserConf(Serialize):
    __serialize_fields__ = 'rules', 'start', 'parser_type'

    def __init__(self, rules, callbacks, start):
        assert isinstance(start, list)
        self.rules = rules
        self.callbacks = callbacks
        self.start = start

        self.parser_type = None

 ###}
--- a/lark/exceptions.py
+++ b/lark/exceptions.py
@@ -6,22 +6,27 @@ from .utils import STRING_TYPE, logger
 class LarkError(Exception):
    pass


 class ConfigurationError(LarkError, ValueError):
    pass


 def assert_config(value, options, msg='Got %r, expected one of %s'):
    if value not in options:
        raise ConfigurationError(msg % (value, options))


 class GrammarError(LarkError):
    pass


 class ParseError(LarkError):
    pass


 class LexError(LarkError):
    pass

 class UnexpectedEOF(ParseError):
    def __init__(self, expected):
        self.expected = expected

        message = ("Unexpected end-of-input. Expected one of: \n\t* %s\n" % '\n\t* '.join(x.name for x in self.expected))
        super(UnexpectedEOF, self).__init__(message)


 class UnexpectedInput(LarkError):
    """UnexpectedInput Error.
@@ -44,6 +49,7 @@ class UnexpectedInput(LarkError):
            The parser doesn't hold a copy of the text it has to parse,
            so you have to provide it again
        """
        assert self.pos_in_stream is not None, self
        pos = self.pos_in_stream
        start = max(pos - span, 0)
        end = pos + span
@@ -88,7 +94,7 @@ class UnexpectedInput(LarkError):
                    parse_fn(malformed)
                except UnexpectedInput as ut:
                    if ut.state == self.state:
                        if use_accepts and ut.accepts != self.accepts:
                        if use_accepts and hasattr(self, 'accepts') and ut.accepts != self.accepts:
                            logger.debug("Different accepts with same state[%d]: %s != %s at example [%s][%s]" %
                                        (self.state, self.accepts, ut.accepts, i, j))
                            continue
@@ -105,7 +111,7 @@ class UnexpectedInput(LarkError):

                        except AttributeError:
                            pass
                        if not candidate[0]:
                        if candidate[0] is None:
                            logger.debug("Same State match at example [%s][%s]" % (i, j))
                            candidate = label, False

@@ -127,10 +133,24 @@ class UnexpectedInput(LarkError):
            ts = names
        return "Expected one of: \n\t* %s\n" % '\n\t* '.join(ts)

 class UnexpectedEOF(ParseError, UnexpectedInput):
    def __init__(self, expected, state=None):
        self.expected = expected
        self.state = state
        from .lexer import Token
        self.token = Token("<EOF>", "") #, line=-1, column=-1, pos_in_stream=-1)
        self.pos_in_stream = -1
        self.line = -1
        self.column = -1

        message = ("Unexpected end-of-input. Expected one of: \n\t* %s\n" % '\n\t* '.join(x.name for x in self.expected))
        super(UnexpectedEOF, self).__init__(message)



 class UnexpectedCharacters(LexError, UnexpectedInput):
    def __init__(self, seq, lex_pos, line, column, allowed=None, considered_tokens=None, state=None, token_history=None, _all_terminals=None):
        # TODO considered_tokens and allowed can be figured out using state
        self.line = line
        self.column = column
        self.pos_in_stream = lex_pos
@@ -168,7 +188,8 @@ class UnexpectedToken(ParseError, UnexpectedInput):

    see: :ref:`ParserPuppet`.
    """
    def __init__(self, token, expected, considered_rules=None, state=None, puppet=None, all_terminals=None):
    def __init__(self, token, expected, considered_rules=None, state=None, puppet=None, all_terminals=None, token_history=None):
        # TODO considered_rules and expected can be figured out using state
        self.line = getattr(token, 'line', '?')
        self.column = getattr(token, 'column', '?')
        self.pos_in_stream = getattr(token, 'pos_in_stream', None)
@@ -179,6 +200,7 @@ class UnexpectedToken(ParseError, UnexpectedInput):
        self.considered_rules = considered_rules
        self.puppet = puppet
        self._all_terminals = all_terminals
        self.token_history = token_history


        super(UnexpectedToken, self).__init__()
@@ -191,6 +213,9 @@ class UnexpectedToken(ParseError, UnexpectedInput):
        # Be aware: Broken __str__ for Exceptions are terrible to debug. Make sure there is as little room as possible for errors
        message = ("Unexpected token %r at line %s, column %s.\n%s"
                   % (self.token, self.line, self.column, self._format_terminals(self.accepts or self.expected)))
        if self.token_history:
            message += "Previous tokens: %r\n" % self.token_history

        return message


@@ -207,4 +232,6 @@ class VisitError(LarkError):

        message = 'Error trying to process rule "%s":\n\n%s' % (rule, orig_exc)
        super(VisitError, self).__init__(message)


 ###}
--- a/lark/grammar.py
+++ b/lark/grammar.py
@@ -40,14 +40,12 @@ class Terminal(Symbol):
        return '%s(%r, %r)' % (type(self).__name__, self.name, self.filter_out)



 class NonTerminal(Symbol):
    __serialize_fields__ = 'name',

    is_term = False



 class RuleOptions(Serialize):
    __serialize_fields__ = 'keep_all_tokens', 'expand1', 'priority', 'template_source', 'empty_indices'

@@ -104,5 +102,4 @@ class Rule(Serialize):
        return self.origin == other.origin and self.expansion == other.expansion



 ###}
--- a/lark/grammars/common.lark
+++ b/lark/grammars/common.lark
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 // Basic terminals for common use


 //
 // Numbers
 //
@@ -21,7 +24,7 @@ SIGNED_NUMBER: ["+"|"-"] NUMBER
 // Strings
 //
 _STRING_INNER: /.*?/
 _STRING_ESC_INNER: _STRING_INNER /(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?/ 
 _STRING_ESC_INNER: _STRING_INNER /(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?/

 ESCAPED_STRING : "\"" _STRING_ESC_INNER "\""

@@ -48,3 +51,9 @@ CR : /\r/
 LF : /\n/
 NEWLINE: (CR? LF)+


 // Comments
 SH_COMMENT: /#[^\n]*/
 CPP_COMMENT: /\/\/[^\n]*/
 C_COMMENT: "/*" /.*?/s "*/"
 SQL_COMMENT: /--[^\n]*/
--- a/lark/grammars/lark.lark
+++ b/lark/grammars/lark.lark
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ OP: /[+*]|[?](?![a-z])/
 RULE: /!?[_?]?[a-z][_a-z0-9]*/
 TOKEN: /_?[A-Z][_A-Z0-9]*/
 STRING: _STRING "i"?
 REGEXP: /\/(?!\/)(\\\/|\\\\|[^\/\n])*?\/[imslux]*/
 REGEXP: /\/(?!\/)(\\\/|\\\\|[^\/])*?\/[imslux]*/
 _NL: /(\r?\n)+\s*/

 %import common.ESCAPED_STRING -> _STRING
--- a/lark/grammars/python.lark
+++ b/lark/grammars/python.lark
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
 // Python terminals

 NAME: /[a-zA-Z_]\w*/
 COMMENT: /#[^\n]*/

 STRING : /[ubf]?r?("(?!"").*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?"|'(?!'').*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?')/i
 LONG_STRING: /[ubf]?r?(""".*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?"""|'''.*?(?<!\\)(\\\\)*?''')/is

 DEC_NUMBER: /0|[1-9][\d_]*/i
 HEX_NUMBER.2: /0x[\da-f]*/i
 OCT_NUMBER.2: /0o[0-7]*/i
 BIN_NUMBER.2 : /0b[0-1]*/i
 FLOAT_NUMBER.2: /((\d+\.[\d_]*|\.[\d_]+)(e[-+]?\d+)?|\d+(e[-+]?\d+))/i
 IMAG_NUMBER.2: /\d+j/i | FLOAT_NUMBER "j"i


 // Comma-separated list (with an optional trailing comma)
 cs_list{item}: item ("," item)* ","?
 _cs_list{item}: item ("," item)* ","?
--- a/lark/grammars/unicode.lark
+++ b/lark/grammars/unicode.lark
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
 // TODO: LETTER, WORD, etc.

 //
 // Whitespace
 //
 WS_INLINE: /[ \t\xa0]/+
 WS: /[ \t\xa0\f\r\n]/+
--- a/lark/lark.py
+++ b/lark/lark.py
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from lark.exceptions import UnexpectedCharacters, UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedToken
 from lark.exceptions import UnexpectedCharacters, UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedToken, ConfigurationError, assert_config

 import sys, os, pickle, hashlib
 from io import open

 import tempfile
 from warnings import warn

 from .utils import STRING_TYPE, Serialize, SerializeMemoizer, FS, isascii, logger
 from .load_grammar import load_grammar
 from .load_grammar import load_grammar, FromPackageLoader
 from .tree import Tree
 from .common import LexerConf, ParserConf

@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ except ImportError:

 ###{standalone


 class LarkOptions(Serialize):
    """Specifies the options for Lark

@@ -33,9 +35,10 @@ class LarkOptions(Serialize):
    start
            The start symbol. Either a string, or a list of strings for multiple possible starts (Default: "start")
    debug
            Display debug information, such as warnings (default: False)
            Display debug information and extra warnings. Use only when debugging (default: False)
            When used with Earley, it generates a forest graph as "sppf.png", if 'dot' is installed.
    transformer
            Applies the transformer to every parse tree (equivlent to applying it after the parse, but faster)
            Applies the transformer to every parse tree (equivalent to applying it after the parse, but faster)
    propagate_positions
            Propagates (line, column, end_line, end_column) attributes into all tree branches.
    maybe_placeholders
@@ -91,6 +94,10 @@ class LarkOptions(Serialize):
            Accept an input of type ``bytes`` instead of ``str`` (Python 3 only).
    edit_terminals
            A callback for editing the terminals before parse.
    import_paths
            A List of either paths or loader functions to specify from where grammars are imported
    source_path
            Override the source of from where the grammar was loaded. Useful for relative imports and unconventional grammar loading

    **=== End Options ===**
    """
@@ -125,6 +132,8 @@ class LarkOptions(Serialize):
        'edit_terminals': None,
        'g_regex_flags': 0,
        'use_bytes': False,
        'import_paths': [],
        'source_path': None,
    }

    def __init__(self, options_dict):
@@ -146,14 +155,15 @@ class LarkOptions(Serialize):

        self.__dict__['options'] = options

        assert self.parser in ('earley', 'lalr', 'cyk', None)

        assert_config(self.parser, ('earley', 'lalr', 'cyk', None))

        if self.parser == 'earley' and self.transformer:
            raise ValueError('Cannot specify an embedded transformer when using the Earley algorithm.'
            raise ConfigurationError('Cannot specify an embedded transformer when using the Earley algorithm.'
                             'Please use your transformer on the resulting parse tree, or use a different algorithm (i.e. LALR)')

        if o:
            raise ValueError("Unknown options: %s" % o.keys())
            raise ConfigurationError("Unknown options: %s" % o.keys())

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        try:
@@ -162,7 +172,7 @@ class LarkOptions(Serialize):
            raise AttributeError(e)

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        assert name in self.options
        assert_config(name, self.options.keys(), "%r isn't a valid option. Expected one of: %s")
        self.options[name] = value

    def serialize(self, memo):
@@ -208,10 +218,13 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
            re_module = re

        # Some, but not all file-like objects have a 'name' attribute
        try:
            self.source = grammar.name
        except AttributeError:
            self.source = '<string>'
        if self.options.source_path is None:
            try:
                self.source_path = grammar.name
            except AttributeError:
                self.source_path = '<string>'
        else:
            self.source_path = self.options.source_path

        # Drain file-like objects to get their contents
        try:
@@ -222,29 +235,29 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
            grammar = read()

        assert isinstance(grammar, STRING_TYPE)
        self.grammar_source = grammar
        self.source_grammar = grammar
        if self.options.use_bytes:
            if not isascii(grammar):
                raise ValueError("Grammar must be ascii only, when use_bytes=True")
                raise ConfigurationError("Grammar must be ascii only, when use_bytes=True")
            if sys.version_info[0] == 2 and self.options.use_bytes != 'force':
                raise NotImplementedError("`use_bytes=True` may have issues on python2."
                raise ConfigurationError("`use_bytes=True` may have issues on python2."
                                          "Use `use_bytes='force'` to use it at your own risk.")

        cache_fn = None
        if self.options.cache:
            if self.options.parser != 'lalr':
                raise NotImplementedError("cache only works with parser='lalr' for now")
                raise ConfigurationError("cache only works with parser='lalr' for now")
            if isinstance(self.options.cache, STRING_TYPE):
                cache_fn = self.options.cache
            else:
                if self.options.cache is not True:
                    raise ValueError("cache argument must be bool or str")
                    raise ConfigurationError("cache argument must be bool or str")
                unhashable = ('transformer', 'postlex', 'lexer_callbacks', 'edit_terminals')
                from . import __version__
                options_str = ''.join(k+str(v) for k, v in options.items() if k not in unhashable)
                s = grammar + options_str + __version__
                md5 = hashlib.md5(s.encode()).hexdigest()
                cache_fn = '.lark_cache_%s.tmp' % md5
                cache_fn = tempfile.gettempdir() + '/.lark_cache_%s.tmp' % md5

            if FS.exists(cache_fn):
                logger.debug('Loading grammar from cache: %s', cache_fn)
@@ -265,27 +278,28 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
            else:
                assert False, self.options.parser
        lexer = self.options.lexer
        assert lexer in ('standard', 'contextual', 'dynamic', 'dynamic_complete') or issubclass(lexer, Lexer)
        if isinstance(lexer, type):
            assert issubclass(lexer, Lexer)     # XXX Is this really important? Maybe just ensure interface compliance
        else:
            assert_config(lexer, ('standard', 'contextual', 'dynamic', 'dynamic_complete'))

        if self.options.ambiguity == 'auto':
            if self.options.parser == 'earley':
                self.options.ambiguity = 'resolve'
        else:
            disambig_parsers = ['earley', 'cyk']
            assert self.options.parser in disambig_parsers, (
                'Only %s supports disambiguation right now') % ', '.join(disambig_parsers)
            assert_config(self.options.parser, ('earley', 'cyk'), "%r doesn't support disambiguation. Use one of these parsers instead: %s")

        if self.options.priority == 'auto':
            self.options.priority = 'normal'

        if self.options.priority not in _VALID_PRIORITY_OPTIONS:
            raise ValueError("invalid priority option: %r. Must be one of %r" % (self.options.priority, _VALID_PRIORITY_OPTIONS))
            raise ConfigurationError("invalid priority option: %r. Must be one of %r" % (self.options.priority, _VALID_PRIORITY_OPTIONS))
        assert self.options.ambiguity not in ('resolve__antiscore_sum', ), 'resolve__antiscore_sum has been replaced with the option priority="invert"'
        if self.options.ambiguity not in _VALID_AMBIGUITY_OPTIONS:
            raise ValueError("invalid ambiguity option: %r. Must be one of %r" % (self.options.ambiguity, _VALID_AMBIGUITY_OPTIONS))
            raise ConfigurationError("invalid ambiguity option: %r. Must be one of %r" % (self.options.ambiguity, _VALID_AMBIGUITY_OPTIONS))

        # Parse the grammar file and compose the grammars (TODO)
        self.grammar = load_grammar(grammar, self.source, re_module, self.options.keep_all_tokens)
        # Parse the grammar file and compose the grammars
        self.grammar = load_grammar(grammar, self.source_path, self.options.import_paths, self.options.keep_all_tokens)

        if self.options.postlex is not None:
            terminals_to_keep = set(self.options.postlex.always_accept)
@@ -310,7 +324,7 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
        # Else, if the user asked to disable priorities, strip them from the
        # rules. This allows the Earley parsers to skip an extra forest walk
        # for improved performance, if you don't need them (or didn't specify any).
        elif self.options.priority == None:
        elif self.options.priority is None:
            for rule in self.rules:
                if rule.options.priority is not None:
                    rule.options.priority = None
@@ -350,7 +364,7 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
                    self.rules,
                    self.options.tree_class or Tree,
                    self.options.propagate_positions,
                    self.options.parser!='lalr' and self.options.ambiguity=='explicit',
                    self.options.parser != 'lalr' and self.options.ambiguity == 'explicit',
                    self.options.maybe_placeholders
                )
            self._callbacks = self._parse_tree_builder.create_callback(self.options.transformer)
@@ -389,18 +403,18 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
        memo = SerializeMemoizer.deserialize(memo, {'Rule': Rule, 'TerminalDef': TerminalDef}, {})
        options = dict(data['options'])
        if (set(kwargs) - _LOAD_ALLOWED_OPTIONS) & set(LarkOptions._defaults):
            raise ValueError("Some options are not allowed when loading a Parser: {}"
            raise ConfigurationError("Some options are not allowed when loading a Parser: {}"
                             .format(set(kwargs) - _LOAD_ALLOWED_OPTIONS))
        options.update(kwargs)
        self.options = LarkOptions.deserialize(options, memo)
        self.rules = [Rule.deserialize(r, memo) for r in data['rules']]
        self.source = '<deserialized>'
        self.source_path = '<deserialized>'
        self._prepare_callbacks()
        self.parser = self.parser_class.deserialize(
            data['parser'],
            memo,
            self._callbacks,
            self.options, # Not all, but multiple attributes are used
            self.options,  # Not all, but multiple attributes are used
        )
        self.terminals = self.parser.lexer_conf.terminals
        self._terminals_dict = {t.name: t for t in self.terminals}
@@ -429,8 +443,26 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
        with open(grammar_filename, encoding='utf8') as f:
            return cls(f, **options)

    @classmethod
    def open_from_package(cls, package, grammar_path, search_paths=("",), **options):
        """Create an instance of Lark with the grammar loaded from within the package `package`.
        This allows grammar loading from zipapps.

        Imports in the grammar will use the `package` and `search_paths` provided, through `FromPackageLoader`

        Example:

            Lark.open_from_package(__name__, "example.lark", ("grammars",), parser=...)
        """
        package = FromPackageLoader(package, search_paths)
        full_path, text = package(None, grammar_path)
        options.setdefault('source_path', full_path)
        options.setdefault('import_paths', [])
        options['import_paths'].append(package)
        return cls(text, **options)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Lark(open(%r), parser=%r, lexer=%r, ...)' % (self.source, self.options.parser, self.options.lexer)
        return 'Lark(open(%r), parser=%r, lexer=%r, ...)' % (self.source_path, self.options.parser, self.options.lexer)


    def lex(self, text):
@@ -490,5 +522,23 @@ class Lark(Serialize):
                except UnexpectedCharacters as e2:
                    e = e2

    @property
    def source(self):
        warn("Lark.source attribute has been renamed to Lark.source_path", DeprecationWarning)
        return self.source_path

    @source.setter
    def source(self, value):
        self.source_path = value

    @property
    def grammar_source(self):
        warn("Lark.grammar_source attribute has been renamed to Lark.source_grammar", DeprecationWarning)
        return self.source_grammar

    @grammar_source.setter
    def grammar_source(self, value):
        self.source_grammar = value


 ###}
--- a/lark/lexer.py
+++ b/lark/lexer.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 ## Lexer Implementation
 # Lexer Implementation

 import re

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from .exceptions import UnexpectedCharacters, LexError, UnexpectedToken
 ###{standalone
 from copy import copy


 class Pattern(Serialize):

    def __init__(self, value, flags=(), raw=None):
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ class Pattern(Serialize):
    # Pattern Hashing assumes all subclasses have a different priority!
    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((type(self), self.value, self.flags))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return type(self) == type(other) and self.value == other.value and self.flags == other.flags

@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ class PatternStr(Pattern):
        return len(self.value)
    max_width = min_width


 class PatternRE(Pattern):
    __serialize_fields__ = 'value', 'flags', '_width'

@@ -71,6 +74,7 @@ class PatternRE(Pattern):
    @property
    def min_width(self):
        return self._get_width()[0]

    @property
    def max_width(self):
        return self._get_width()[1]
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ class Token(Str):
        return cls(type_, value, borrow_t.pos_in_stream, borrow_t.line, borrow_t.column, borrow_t.end_line, borrow_t.end_column, borrow_t.end_pos)

    def __reduce__(self):
        return (self.__class__, (self.type, self.value, self.pos_in_stream, self.line, self.column, ))
        return (self.__class__, (self.type, self.value, self.pos_in_stream, self.line, self.column))

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Token(%r, %r)' % (self.type, self.value)
@@ -195,6 +199,7 @@ class UnlessCallback:
                break
        return t


 class CallChain:
    def __init__(self, callback1, callback2, cond):
        self.callback1 = callback1
@@ -206,16 +211,13 @@ class CallChain:
        return self.callback2(t) if self.cond(t2) else t2





 def _create_unless(terminals, g_regex_flags, re_, use_bytes):
    tokens_by_type = classify(terminals, lambda t: type(t.pattern))
    assert len(tokens_by_type) <= 2, tokens_by_type.keys()
    embedded_strs = set()
    callback = {}
    for retok in tokens_by_type.get(PatternRE, []):
        unless = [] # {}
        unless = []
        for strtok in tokens_by_type.get(PatternStr, []):
            if strtok.priority > retok.priority:
                continue
@@ -247,13 +249,15 @@ def _build_mres(terminals, max_size, g_regex_flags, match_whole, re_, use_bytes)
        except AssertionError:  # Yes, this is what Python provides us.. :/
            return _build_mres(terminals, max_size//2, g_regex_flags, match_whole, re_, use_bytes)

        mres.append((mre, {i:n for n,i in mre.groupindex.items()} ))
        mres.append((mre, {i: n for n, i in mre.groupindex.items()}))
        terminals = terminals[max_size:]
    return mres


 def build_mres(terminals, g_regex_flags, re_, use_bytes, match_whole=False):
    return _build_mres(terminals, len(terminals), g_regex_flags, match_whole, re_, use_bytes)


 def _regexp_has_newline(r):
    r"""Expressions that may indicate newlines in a regexp:
        - newlines (\n)
@@ -264,6 +268,7 @@ def _regexp_has_newline(r):
    """
    return '\n' in r or '\\n' in r or '\\s' in r or '[^' in r or ('(?s' in r and '.' in r)


 class Lexer(object):
    """Lexer interface

@@ -302,7 +307,7 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
        self.newline_types = frozenset(t.name for t in terminals if _regexp_has_newline(t.pattern.to_regexp()))
        self.ignore_types = frozenset(conf.ignore)

        terminals.sort(key=lambda x:(-x.priority, -x.pattern.max_width, -len(x.pattern.value), x.name))
        terminals.sort(key=lambda x: (-x.priority, -x.pattern.max_width, -len(x.pattern.value), x.name))
        self.terminals = terminals
        self.user_callbacks = conf.callbacks
        self.g_regex_flags = conf.g_regex_flags
@@ -311,7 +316,7 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
        self._mres = None

    def _build(self):
        terminals, self.callback = _create_unless(self.terminals, self.g_regex_flags, re_=self.re, use_bytes=self.use_bytes)
        terminals, self.callback = _create_unless(self.terminals, self.g_regex_flags, self.re, self.use_bytes)
        assert all(self.callback.values())

        for type_, f in self.user_callbacks.items():
@@ -338,9 +343,9 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
    def lex(self, state, parser_state):
        with suppress(EOFError):
            while True:
                yield self.next_token(state)
                yield self.next_token(state, parser_state)

    def next_token(self, lex_state):
    def next_token(self, lex_state, parser_state=None):
        line_ctr = lex_state.line_ctr
        while line_ctr.char_pos < len(lex_state.text):
            res = self.match(lex_state.text, line_ctr.char_pos)
@@ -350,7 +355,7 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
                    allowed = {"<END-OF-FILE>"}
                raise UnexpectedCharacters(lex_state.text, line_ctr.char_pos, line_ctr.line, line_ctr.column,
                                           allowed=allowed, token_history=lex_state.last_token and [lex_state.last_token],
                                           _all_terminals=self.terminals)
                                           state=parser_state, _all_terminals=self.terminals)

            value, type_ = res

@@ -363,7 +368,7 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
                if t.type in self.callback:
                    t = self.callback[t.type](t)
                    if not isinstance(t, Token):
                        raise ValueError("Callbacks must return a token (returned %r)" % t)
                        raise LexError("Callbacks must return a token (returned %r)" % t)
                lex_state.last_token = t
                return t
            else:
@@ -375,6 +380,7 @@ class TraditionalLexer(Lexer):
        # EOF
        raise EOFError(self)


 class LexerState:
    __slots__ = 'text', 'line_ctr', 'last_token'

@@ -386,6 +392,7 @@ class LexerState:
    def __copy__(self):
        return type(self)(self.text, copy(self.line_ctr), self.last_token)


 class ContextualLexer(Lexer):

    def __init__(self, conf, states, always_accept=()):
@@ -424,17 +431,17 @@ class ContextualLexer(Lexer):
        try:
            while True:
                lexer = self.lexers[parser_state.position]
                yield lexer.next_token(lexer_state)
                yield lexer.next_token(lexer_state, parser_state)
        except EOFError:
            pass
        except UnexpectedCharacters as e:
            # In the contextual lexer, UnexpectedCharacters can mean that the terminal is defined, but not in the current context.
            # This tests the input against the global context, to provide a nicer error.
            token = self.root_lexer.next_token(lexer_state)
            raise UnexpectedToken(token, e.allowed, state=parser_state.position, all_terminals=self.root_lexer.terminals)
            raise UnexpectedToken(token, e.allowed, state=parser_state.position, token_history=[lexer_state.last_token], all_terminals=self.root_lexer.terminals)

 class LexerThread:
    "A thread that ties a lexer instance and a lexer state, to be used by the parser"
    """A thread that ties a lexer instance and a lexer state, to be used by the parser"""

    def __init__(self, lexer, text):
        self.lexer = lexer
--- a/lark/load_grammar.py
+++ b/lark/load_grammar.py
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 "Parses and creates Grammar objects"
 """Parses and creates Grammar objects"""

 import os.path
 import sys
 from copy import copy, deepcopy
 from io import open
 import pkgutil
 from ast import literal_eval

 from .utils import bfs, eval_escaping, Py36, logger, classify_bool, isascii
 from .utils import bfs, Py36, logger, classify_bool
 from .lexer import Token, TerminalDef, PatternStr, PatternRE

 from .parse_tree_builder import ParseTreeBuilder
 from .parser_frontends import LALR_TraditionalLexer
 from .parser_frontends import ParsingFrontend
 from .common import LexerConf, ParserConf
 from .grammar import RuleOptions, Rule, Terminal, NonTerminal, Symbol
 from .utils import classify, suppress, dedup_list, Str
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ from .visitors import Transformer, Visitor, v_args, Transformer_InPlace, Transfo
 inline_args = v_args(inline=True)

 __path__ = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 IMPORT_PATHS = [os.path.join(__path__, 'grammars')]
 IMPORT_PATHS = ['grammars']

 EXT = '.lark'

@@ -165,6 +167,7 @@ RULES = {
    'literal': ['REGEXP', 'STRING'],
 }


@inline_args
 class EBNF_to_BNF(Transformer_InPlace):
    def __init__(self):
@@ -258,9 +261,9 @@ class SimplifyRule_Visitor(Visitor):
        for i, child in enumerate(tree.children):
            if isinstance(child, Tree) and child.data == 'expansions':
                tree.data = 'expansions'
                tree.children = [self.visit(ST('expansion', [option if i==j else other
                                                            for j, other in enumerate(tree.children)]))
                                    for option in dedup_list(child.children)]
                tree.children = [self.visit(ST('expansion', [option if i == j else other
                                                             for j, other in enumerate(tree.children)]))
                                 for option in dedup_list(child.children)]
                self._flatten(tree)
                break

@@ -283,8 +286,10 @@ class SimplifyRule_Visitor(Visitor):
 class RuleTreeToText(Transformer):
    def expansions(self, x):
        return x

    def expansion(self, symbols):
        return symbols, None

    def alias(self, x):
        (expansion, _alias), alias = x
        assert _alias is None, (alias, expansion, '-', _alias)  # Double alias not allowed
@@ -299,8 +304,9 @@ class CanonizeTree(Transformer_InPlace):
        tokenmods, value = args
        return tokenmods + [value]


 class PrepareAnonTerminals(Transformer_InPlace):
    "Create a unique list of anonymous terminals. Attempt to give meaningful names to them when we add them"
    """Create a unique list of anonymous terminals. Attempt to give meaningful names to them when we add them"""

    def __init__(self, terminals):
        self.terminals = terminals
@@ -309,7 +315,6 @@ class PrepareAnonTerminals(Transformer_InPlace):
        self.i = 0
        self.rule_options = None


    @inline_args
    def pattern(self, p):
        value = p.value
@@ -328,14 +333,16 @@ class PrepareAnonTerminals(Transformer_InPlace):
                try:
                    term_name = _TERMINAL_NAMES[value]
                except KeyError:
                    if value.isalnum() and value[0].isalpha() and value.upper() not in self.term_set and isascii(value):
                        term_name = value.upper()
                    if value.isalnum() and value[0].isalpha() and value.upper() not in self.term_set:
                        with suppress(UnicodeEncodeError):
                            value.upper().encode('ascii')  # Make sure we don't have unicode in our terminal names
                            term_name = value.upper()

                if term_name in self.term_set:
                    term_name = None

        elif isinstance(p, PatternRE):
            if p in self.term_reverse: # Kind of a weird placement.name
            if p in self.term_reverse:  # Kind of a weird placement.name
                term_name = self.term_reverse[p].name
        else:
            assert False, p
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@ class PrepareAnonTerminals(Transformer_InPlace):


 class _ReplaceSymbols(Transformer_InPlace):
    " Helper for ApplyTemplates "
    """Helper for ApplyTemplates"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.names = {}
@@ -372,8 +379,9 @@ class _ReplaceSymbols(Transformer_InPlace):
            return self.__default__('template_usage', [self.names[c[0]].name] + c[1:], None)
        return self.__default__('template_usage', c, None)


 class ApplyTemplates(Transformer_InPlace):
    " Apply the templates, creating new rules that represent the used templates "
    """Apply the templates, creating new rules that represent the used templates"""

    def __init__(self, rule_defs):
        self.rule_defs = rule_defs
@@ -399,6 +407,30 @@ def _rfind(s, choices):
    return max(s.rfind(c) for c in choices)


 def eval_escaping(s):
    w = ''
    i = iter(s)
    for n in i:
        w += n
        if n == '\\':
            try:
                n2 = next(i)
            except StopIteration:
                raise GrammarError("Literal ended unexpectedly (bad escaping): `%r`" % s)
            if n2 == '\\':
                w += '\\\\'
            elif n2 not in 'uxnftr':
                w += '\\'
            w += n2
    w = w.replace('\\"', '"').replace("'", "\\'")

    to_eval = "u'''%s'''" % w
    try:
        s = literal_eval(to_eval)
    except SyntaxError as e:
        raise GrammarError(s, e)

    return s


 def _literal_to_pattern(literal):
@@ -439,7 +471,7 @@ class PrepareLiterals(Transformer_InPlace):
        assert start.type == end.type == 'STRING'
        start = start.value[1:-1]
        end = end.value[1:-1]
        assert len(eval_escaping(start)) == len(eval_escaping(end)) == 1, (start, end, len(eval_escaping(start)), len(eval_escaping(end)))
        assert len(eval_escaping(start)) == len(eval_escaping(end)) == 1
        regexp = '[%s-%s]' % (start, end)
        return ST('pattern', [PatternRE(regexp)])

@@ -458,6 +490,7 @@ def _make_joined_pattern(regexp, flags_set):

    return PatternRE(regexp, flags)


 class TerminalTreeToPattern(Transformer):
    def pattern(self, ps):
        p ,= ps
@@ -501,6 +534,7 @@ class TerminalTreeToPattern(Transformer):
    def value(self, v):
        return v[0]


 class PrepareSymbols(Transformer_InPlace):
    def value(self, v):
        v ,= v
@@ -512,13 +546,16 @@ class PrepareSymbols(Transformer_InPlace):
            return Terminal(Str(v.value), filter_out=v.startswith('_'))
        assert False


 def _choice_of_rules(rules):
    return ST('expansions', [ST('expansion', [Token('RULE', name)]) for name in rules])


 def nr_deepcopy_tree(t):
    "Deepcopy tree `t` without recursion"
    """Deepcopy tree `t` without recursion"""
    return Transformer_NonRecursive(False).transform(t)


 class Grammar:
    def __init__(self, rule_defs, term_defs, ignore):
        self.term_defs = term_defs
@@ -545,7 +582,7 @@ class Grammar:
                raise GrammarError("Terminals cannot be empty (%s)" % name)

        transformer = PrepareLiterals() * TerminalTreeToPattern()
        terminals = [TerminalDef(name, transformer.transform( term_tree ), priority)
        terminals = [TerminalDef(name, transformer.transform(term_tree), priority)
                     for name, (term_tree, priority) in term_defs if term_tree]

        # =================
@@ -564,10 +601,10 @@ class Grammar:
        ebnf_to_bnf = EBNF_to_BNF()
        rules = []
        i = 0
        while i < len(rule_defs): # We have to do it like this because rule_defs might grow due to templates
        while i < len(rule_defs):  # We have to do it like this because rule_defs might grow due to templates
            name, params, rule_tree, options = rule_defs[i]
            i += 1
            if len(params) != 0: # Dont transform templates
            if len(params) != 0:  # Dont transform templates
                continue
            rule_options = RuleOptions(keep_all_tokens=True) if options and options.keep_all_tokens else None
            ebnf_to_bnf.rule_options = rule_options
@@ -592,7 +629,7 @@ class Grammar:

            for i, (expansion, alias) in enumerate(expansions):
                if alias and name.startswith('_'):
                    raise GrammarError("Rule %s is marked for expansion (it starts with an underscore) and isn't allowed to have aliases (alias=%s)" % (name, alias))
                    raise GrammarError("Rule %s is marked for expansion (it starts with an underscore) and isn't allowed to have aliases (alias=%s)"% (name, alias))

                empty_indices = [x==_EMPTY for x in expansion]
                if any(empty_indices):
@@ -621,14 +658,13 @@ class Grammar:
            # Remove duplicates
            compiled_rules = list(set(compiled_rules))


        # Filter out unused rules
        while True:
            c = len(compiled_rules)
            used_rules = {s for r in compiled_rules
                                for s in r.expansion
                                if isinstance(s, NonTerminal)
                                and s != r.origin}
                            for s in r.expansion
                            if isinstance(s, NonTerminal)
                            and s != r.origin}
            used_rules |= {NonTerminal(s) for s in start}
            compiled_rules, unused = classify_bool(compiled_rules, lambda r: r.origin in used_rules)
            for r in unused:
@@ -647,9 +683,63 @@ class Grammar:
        return terminals, compiled_rules, self.ignore


 class PackageResource(object):
    """
    Represents a path inside a Package. Used by `FromPackageLoader`
    """
    def __init__(self, pkg_name, path):
        self.pkg_name = pkg_name
        self.path = path

    def __str__(self):
        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.pkg_name, self.path)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s(%r, %r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.pkg_name, self.path)


 class FromPackageLoader(object):
    """
    Provides a simple way of creating custom import loaders that load from packages via ``pkgutil.get_data`` instead of using `open`.
    This allows them to be compatible even from within zip files.

    Relative imports are handled, so you can just freely use them.

    pkg_name: The name of the package. You can probably provide `__name__` most of the time
    search_paths: All the path that will be search on absolute imports.
    """
    def __init__(self, pkg_name, search_paths=("", )):
        self.pkg_name = pkg_name
        self.search_paths = search_paths

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s(%r, %r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.pkg_name, self.search_paths)

    def __call__(self, base_path, grammar_path):
        if base_path is None:
            to_try = self.search_paths
        else:
            # Check whether or not the importing grammar was loaded by this module.
            if not isinstance(base_path, PackageResource) or base_path.pkg_name != self.pkg_name:
                # Technically false, but FileNotFound doesn't exist in python2.7, and this message should never reach the end user anyway
                raise IOError()
            to_try = [base_path.path]
        for path in to_try:
            full_path = os.path.join(path, grammar_path)
            try:
                text = pkgutil.get_data(self.pkg_name, full_path)
            except IOError:
                continue
            else:
                return PackageResource(self.pkg_name, full_path), text.decode()
        raise IOError()


 stdlib_loader = FromPackageLoader('lark', IMPORT_PATHS)

 _imported_grammars = {}


 def import_from_grammar_into_namespace(grammar, namespace, aliases):
    """Returns all rules and terminals of grammar, prepended
    with a 'namespace' prefix, except for those which are aliased.
@@ -670,8 +760,6 @@ def import_from_grammar_into_namespace(grammar, namespace, aliases):
            raise GrammarError("Missing symbol '%s' in grammar %s" % (symbol, namespace))
        return _find_used_symbols(tree) - set(params)



    def get_namespace_name(name, params):
        if params is not None:
            try:
@@ -692,19 +780,17 @@ def import_from_grammar_into_namespace(grammar, namespace, aliases):
        else:
            assert symbol.type == 'RULE'
            _, params, tree, options = imported_rules[symbol]
            params_map = {p: ('%s__%s' if p[0]!='_' else '_%s__%s' ) % (namespace, p) for p in params}
            params_map = {p: ('%s__%s' if p[0]!='_' else '_%s__%s') % (namespace, p) for p in params}
            for t in tree.iter_subtrees():
                for i, c in enumerate(t.children):
                    if isinstance(c, Token) and c.type in ('RULE', 'TERMINAL'):
                        t.children[i] = Token(c.type, get_namespace_name(c, params_map))
            params = [params_map[p] for p in params] # We can not rely on ordered dictionaries
            params = [params_map[p] for p in params]  # We can not rely on ordered dictionaries
            rule_defs.append((get_namespace_name(symbol, params_map), params, tree, options))


    return term_defs, rule_defs



 def resolve_term_references(term_defs):
    # TODO Solve with transitive closure (maybe)

@@ -744,7 +830,7 @@ def options_from_rule(name, params, *x):
    else:
        expansions ,= x
        priority = None
    params = [t.value for t in params.children] if params is not None else [] # For the grammar parser
    params = [t.value for t in params.children] if params is not None else []  # For the grammar parser

    keep_all_tokens = name.startswith('!')
    name = name.lstrip('!')
@@ -758,10 +844,12 @@ def options_from_rule(name, params, *x):
 def symbols_from_strcase(expansion):
    return [Terminal(x, filter_out=x.startswith('_')) if x.isupper() else NonTerminal(x) for x in expansion]


@inline_args
 class PrepareGrammar(Transformer_InPlace):
    def terminal(self, name):
        return name

    def nonterminal(self, name):
        return name

@@ -771,10 +859,11 @@ def _find_used_symbols(tree):
    return {t for x in tree.find_data('expansion')
              for t in x.scan_values(lambda t: t.type in ('RULE', 'TERMINAL'))}


 class GrammarLoader:
    ERRORS = [
        ('Unclosed parenthesis', ['a: (\n']),
        ('Umatched closing parenthesis', ['a: )\n', 'a: [)\n', 'a: (]\n']),
        ('Unmatched closing parenthesis', ['a: )\n', 'a: [)\n', 'a: (]\n']),
        ('Expecting rule or terminal definition (missing colon)', ['a\n', 'A\n', 'a->\n', 'A->\n', 'a A\n']),
        ('Illegal name for rules or terminals', ['Aa:\n']),
        ('Alias expects lowercase name', ['a: -> "a"\n']),
@@ -786,43 +875,53 @@ class GrammarLoader:
        ('%ignore expects a value', ['%ignore %import\n']),
    ]

    def __init__(self, re_module, global_keep_all_tokens):
    def __init__(self, global_keep_all_tokens):
        terminals = [TerminalDef(name, PatternRE(value)) for name, value in TERMINALS.items()]

        rules = [options_from_rule(name, None, x) for name, x in  RULES.items()]
        rules = [Rule(NonTerminal(r), symbols_from_strcase(x.split()), i, None, o) for r, _p, xs, o in rules for i, x in enumerate(xs)]
        rules = [options_from_rule(name, None, x) for name, x in RULES.items()]
        rules = [Rule(NonTerminal(r), symbols_from_strcase(x.split()), i, None, o)
                 for r, _p, xs, o in rules for i, x in enumerate(xs)]
        callback = ParseTreeBuilder(rules, ST).create_callback()
        lexer_conf = LexerConf(terminals, re_module, ['WS', 'COMMENT'])

        import re
        lexer_conf = LexerConf(terminals, re, ['WS', 'COMMENT'])
        parser_conf = ParserConf(rules, callback, ['start'])
        self.parser = LALR_TraditionalLexer(lexer_conf, parser_conf)
        lexer_conf.lexer_type = 'standard'
        parser_conf.parser_type = 'lalr'
        self.parser = ParsingFrontend(lexer_conf, parser_conf, {})

        self.canonize_tree = CanonizeTree()
        self.re_module = re_module
        self.global_keep_all_tokens = global_keep_all_tokens

    def import_grammar(self, grammar_path, base_paths=[]):
    def import_grammar(self, grammar_path, base_path=None, import_paths=[]):
        if grammar_path not in _imported_grammars:
            import_paths = base_paths + IMPORT_PATHS
            for import_path in import_paths:
                with suppress(IOError):
                    joined_path = os.path.join(import_path, grammar_path)
                    with open(joined_path, encoding='utf8') as f:
                        text = f.read()
                    grammar = self.load_grammar(text, joined_path)
            # import_paths take priority over base_path since they should handle relative imports and ignore everything else.
            to_try = import_paths + ([base_path] if base_path is not None else []) + [stdlib_loader]
            for source in to_try:
                try:
                    if callable(source):
                        joined_path, text = source(base_path, grammar_path)
                    else:
                        joined_path = os.path.join(source, grammar_path)
                        with open(joined_path, encoding='utf8') as f:
                            text = f.read()
                except IOError:
                    continue
                else:
                    grammar = self.load_grammar(text, joined_path, import_paths)
                    _imported_grammars[grammar_path] = grammar
                    break
            else:
                open(grammar_path, encoding='utf8') # Force a file not found error
                # Search failed. Make Python throw a nice error.
                open(grammar_path, encoding='utf8')
                assert False

        return _imported_grammars[grammar_path]

    def load_grammar(self, grammar_text, grammar_name='<?>'):
        "Parse grammar_text, verify, and create Grammar object. Display nice messages on error."
    def load_grammar(self, grammar_text, grammar_name='<?>', import_paths=[]):
        """Parse grammar_text, verify, and create Grammar object. Display nice messages on error."""

        try:
            tree = self.canonize_tree.transform( self.parser.parse(grammar_text+'\n') )
            tree = self.canonize_tree.transform(self.parser.parse(grammar_text+'\n'))
        except UnexpectedCharacters as e:
            context = e.get_context(grammar_text)
            raise GrammarError("Unexpected input at line %d column %d in %s: \n\n%s" %
@@ -872,7 +971,7 @@ class GrammarLoader:
                    aliases = {name: arg1 or name}  # Aliases if exist

                if path_node.data == 'import_lib':  # Import from library
                    base_paths = []
                    base_path = None
                else:  # Relative import
                    if grammar_name == '<string>':  # Import relative to script file path if grammar is coded in script
                        try:
@@ -882,16 +981,19 @@ class GrammarLoader:
                    else:
                        base_file = grammar_name  # Import relative to grammar file path if external grammar file
                    if base_file:
                        base_paths = [os.path.split(base_file)[0]]
                        if isinstance(base_file, PackageResource):
                            base_path = PackageResource(base_file.pkg_name, os.path.split(base_file.path)[0])
                        else:
                            base_path = os.path.split(base_file)[0]
                    else:
                        base_paths = [os.path.abspath(os.path.curdir)]
                        base_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.curdir)

                try:
                    import_base_paths, import_aliases = imports[dotted_path]
                    assert base_paths == import_base_paths, 'Inconsistent base_paths for %s.' % '.'.join(dotted_path)
                    import_base_path, import_aliases = imports[dotted_path]
                    assert base_path == import_base_path, 'Inconsistent base_path for %s.' % '.'.join(dotted_path)
                    import_aliases.update(aliases)
                except KeyError:
                    imports[dotted_path] = base_paths, aliases
                    imports[dotted_path] = base_path, aliases

            elif stmt.data == 'declare':
                for t in stmt.children:
@@ -900,9 +1002,9 @@ class GrammarLoader:
                assert False, stmt

        # import grammars
        for dotted_path, (base_paths, aliases) in imports.items():
        for dotted_path, (base_path, aliases) in imports.items():
            grammar_path = os.path.join(*dotted_path) + EXT
            g = self.import_grammar(grammar_path, base_paths=base_paths)
            g = self.import_grammar(grammar_path, base_path=base_path, import_paths=import_paths)
            new_td, new_rd = import_from_grammar_into_namespace(g, '__'.join(dotted_path), aliases)

            term_defs += new_td
@@ -972,7 +1074,7 @@ class GrammarLoader:
                        raise GrammarError("Template '%s' used but not defined (in rule %s)" % (sym, name))
                    if len(args) != rule_names[sym]:
                        raise GrammarError("Wrong number of template arguments used for %s "
                                           "(expected %s, got %s) (in rule %s)"%(sym, rule_names[sym], len(args), name))
                                           "(expected %s, got %s) (in rule %s)" % (sym, rule_names[sym], len(args), name))
            for sym in _find_used_symbols(expansions):
                if sym.type == 'TERMINAL':
                    if sym not in terminal_names:
@@ -981,10 +1083,8 @@ class GrammarLoader:
                    if sym not in rule_names and sym not in params:
                        raise GrammarError("Rule '%s' used but not defined (in rule %s)" % (sym, name))


        return Grammar(rules, term_defs, ignore_names)



 def load_grammar(grammar, source, re_, global_keep_all_tokens):
    return GrammarLoader(re_, global_keep_all_tokens).load_grammar(grammar, source)
 def load_grammar(grammar, source, import_paths, global_keep_all_tokens):
    return GrammarLoader(global_keep_all_tokens).load_grammar(grammar, source, import_paths)
--- a/lark/parse_tree_builder.py
+++ b/lark/parse_tree_builder.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .exceptions import GrammarError
 from .lexer import Token
 from .tree import Tree
 from .visitors import InlineTransformer # XXX Deprecated
 from .visitors import InlineTransformer  # XXX Deprecated
 from .visitors import Transformer_InPlace
 from .visitors import _vargs_meta, _vargs_meta_inline

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ class ExpandSingleChild:
        else:
            return self.node_builder(children)


 class PropagatePositions:
    def __init__(self, node_builder):
        self.node_builder = node_builder
@@ -87,8 +88,9 @@ class ChildFilter:

        return self.node_builder(filtered)


 class ChildFilterLALR(ChildFilter):
    "Optimized childfilter for LALR (assumes no duplication in parse tree, so it's safe to change it)"
    """Optimized childfilter for LALR (assumes no duplication in parse tree, so it's safe to change it)"""

    def __call__(self, children):
        filtered = []
@@ -108,6 +110,7 @@ class ChildFilterLALR(ChildFilter):

        return self.node_builder(filtered)


 class ChildFilterLALR_NoPlaceholders(ChildFilter):
    "Optimized childfilter for LALR (assumes no duplication in parse tree, so it's safe to change it)"
    def __init__(self, to_include, node_builder):
@@ -126,9 +129,11 @@ class ChildFilterLALR_NoPlaceholders(ChildFilter):
                filtered.append(children[i])
        return self.node_builder(filtered)


 def _should_expand(sym):
    return not sym.is_term and sym.name.startswith('_')


 def maybe_create_child_filter(expansion, keep_all_tokens, ambiguous, _empty_indices):
    # Prepare empty_indices as: How many Nones to insert at each index?
    if _empty_indices:
@@ -156,21 +161,22 @@ def maybe_create_child_filter(expansion, keep_all_tokens, ambiguous, _empty_indi
            # LALR without placeholders
            return partial(ChildFilterLALR_NoPlaceholders, [(i, x) for i,x,_ in to_include])


 class AmbiguousExpander:
    """Deal with the case where we're expanding children ('_rule') into a parent but the children
       are ambiguous. i.e. (parent->_ambig->_expand_this_rule). In this case, make the parent itself
       ambiguous with as many copies as their are ambiguous children, and then copy the ambiguous children
       into the right parents in the right places, essentially shifting the ambiguiuty up the tree."""
       into the right parents in the right places, essentially shifting the ambiguity up the tree."""
    def __init__(self, to_expand, tree_class, node_builder):
        self.node_builder = node_builder
        self.tree_class = tree_class
        self.to_expand = to_expand

    def __call__(self, children):
        def _is_ambig_tree(child):
            return hasattr(child, 'data') and child.data == '_ambig'
        def _is_ambig_tree(t):
            return hasattr(t, 'data') and t.data == '_ambig'

        #### When we're repeatedly expanding ambiguities we can end up with nested ambiguities.
        # -- When we're repeatedly expanding ambiguities we can end up with nested ambiguities.
        #    All children of an _ambig node should be a derivation of that ambig node, hence
        #    it is safe to assume that if we see an _ambig node nested within an ambig node
        #    it is safe to simply expand it into the parent _ambig node as an alternative derivation.
@@ -186,15 +192,17 @@ class AmbiguousExpander:
        if not ambiguous:
            return self.node_builder(children)

        expand = [ iter(child.children) if i in ambiguous else repeat(child) for i, child in enumerate(children) ]
        expand = [iter(child.children) if i in ambiguous else repeat(child) for i, child in enumerate(children)]
        return self.tree_class('_ambig', [self.node_builder(list(f[0])) for f in product(zip(*expand))])


 def maybe_create_ambiguous_expander(tree_class, expansion, keep_all_tokens):
    to_expand = [i for i, sym in enumerate(expansion)
                 if keep_all_tokens or ((not (sym.is_term and sym.filter_out)) and _should_expand(sym))]
    if to_expand:
        return partial(AmbiguousExpander, to_expand, tree_class)


 class AmbiguousIntermediateExpander:
    """
    Propagate ambiguous intermediate nodes and their derivations up to the
@@ -275,12 +283,14 @@ class AmbiguousIntermediateExpander:

        return self.node_builder(children)


 def ptb_inline_args(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def f(children):
        return func(*children)
    return f


 def inplace_transformer(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def f(children):
@@ -289,9 +299,11 @@ def inplace_transformer(func):
        return func(tree)
    return f


 def apply_visit_wrapper(func, name, wrapper):
    if wrapper is _vargs_meta or wrapper is _vargs_meta_inline:
        raise NotImplementedError("Meta args not supported for internal transformer")

    @wraps(func)
    def f(children):
        return wrapper(func, name, children, None)
@@ -323,7 +335,6 @@ class ParseTreeBuilder:

            yield rule, wrapper_chain


    def create_callback(self, transformer=None):
        callbacks = {}

--- a/lark/parser_frontends.py
+++ b/lark/parser_frontends.py
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 from .exceptions import ConfigurationError, GrammarError, assert_config
 from .utils import get_regexp_width, Serialize
 from .parsers.grammar_analysis import GrammarAnalyzer
 from .lexer import LexerThread, TraditionalLexer, ContextualLexer, Lexer, Token, TerminalDef
 from .parsers import earley, xearley, cyk
 from .parsers.lalr_parser import LALR_Parser
 from .grammar import Rule
 from .tree import Tree
 from .common import LexerConf
 from .exceptions import UnexpectedInput
 from .common import LexerConf, ParserConf
 try:
    import regex
 except ImportError:
@@ -15,63 +14,118 @@ import re

 ###{standalone

 def get_frontend(parser, lexer):
    if parser=='lalr':
        if lexer is None:
            raise ValueError('The LALR parser requires use of a lexer')
        elif lexer == 'standard':
            return LALR_TraditionalLexer
        elif lexer == 'contextual':
            return LALR_ContextualLexer
        elif issubclass(lexer, Lexer):
            class CustomLexerWrapper(Lexer):
                def __init__(self, lexer_conf):
                    self.lexer = lexer(lexer_conf)
                def lex(self, lexer_state, parser_state):
                    return self.lexer.lex(lexer_state.text)

            class LALR_CustomLexerWrapper(LALR_CustomLexer):
                def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
                    super(LALR_CustomLexerWrapper, self).__init__(
                        lexer, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=options)
                def init_lexer(self):
                    future_interface = getattr(lexer, '__future_interface__', False)
                    if future_interface:
                        self.lexer = lexer(self.lexer_conf)
                    else:
                        self.lexer = CustomLexerWrapper(self.lexer_conf)

            return LALR_CustomLexerWrapper
        else:
            raise ValueError('Unknown lexer: %s' % lexer)
    elif parser=='earley':
        if lexer=='standard':
            return Earley
        elif lexer=='dynamic':
            return XEarley
        elif lexer=='dynamic_complete':
            return XEarley_CompleteLex
        elif lexer=='contextual':
            raise ValueError('The Earley parser does not support the contextual parser')
 def _wrap_lexer(lexer_class):
    future_interface = getattr(lexer_class, '__future_interface__', False)
    if future_interface:
        return lexer_class
    else:
        class CustomLexerWrapper(Lexer):
            def __init__(self, lexer_conf):
                self.lexer = lexer_class(lexer_conf)
            def lex(self, lexer_state, parser_state):
                return self.lexer.lex(lexer_state.text)
        return CustomLexerWrapper


 class MakeParsingFrontend:
    def __init__(self, parser_type, lexer_type):
        self.parser_type = parser_type
        self.lexer_type = lexer_type

    def __call__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options):
        assert isinstance(lexer_conf, LexerConf)
        assert isinstance(parser_conf, ParserConf)
        parser_conf.parser_type = self.parser_type
        lexer_conf.lexer_type = self.lexer_type
        return ParsingFrontend(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options)

    @classmethod
    def deserialize(cls, data, memo, callbacks, options):
        lexer_conf = LexerConf.deserialize(data['lexer_conf'], memo)
        parser_conf = ParserConf.deserialize(data['parser_conf'], memo)
        parser = LALR_Parser.deserialize(data['parser'], memo, callbacks, options.debug)
        parser_conf.callbacks = callbacks

        terminals = [item for item in memo.values() if isinstance(item, TerminalDef)]

        lexer_conf.callbacks = _get_lexer_callbacks(options.transformer, terminals)
        lexer_conf.re_module = regex if options.regex else re
        lexer_conf.use_bytes = options.use_bytes
        lexer_conf.g_regex_flags = options.g_regex_flags
        lexer_conf.skip_validation = True
        lexer_conf.postlex = options.postlex

        return ParsingFrontend(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options, parser=parser)




 class ParsingFrontend(Serialize):
    __serialize_fields__ = 'lexer_conf', 'parser_conf', 'parser', 'options'

    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options, parser=None):
        self.parser_conf = parser_conf
        self.lexer_conf = lexer_conf
        self.options = options

        # Set-up parser
        if parser:  # From cache
            self.parser = parser
        else:
            raise ValueError('Unknown lexer: %s' % lexer)
    elif parser == 'cyk':
        if lexer == 'standard':
            return CYK
            create_parser = {
                'lalr': create_lalr_parser,
                'earley': create_earley_parser,
                'cyk': CYK_FrontEnd,
            }[parser_conf.parser_type]
            self.parser = create_parser(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options)

        # Set-up lexer
        lexer_type = lexer_conf.lexer_type
        self.skip_lexer = False
        if lexer_type in ('dynamic', 'dynamic_complete'):
            self.skip_lexer = True
            return

        try:
            create_lexer = {
                'standard': create_traditional_lexer,
                'contextual': create_contextual_lexer,
            }[lexer_type]
        except KeyError:
            assert issubclass(lexer_type, Lexer), lexer_type
            self.lexer = _wrap_lexer(lexer_type)(lexer_conf)
        else:
            raise ValueError('CYK parser requires using standard parser.')
    else:
        raise ValueError('Unknown parser: %s' % parser)
            self.lexer = create_lexer(lexer_conf, self.parser, lexer_conf.postlex)

        if lexer_conf.postlex:
            self.lexer = PostLexConnector(self.lexer, lexer_conf.postlex)

 class _ParserFrontend(Serialize):
    def _parse(self, start, input, *args):

    def parse(self, text, start=None):
        if start is None:
            start = self.start
            start = self.parser_conf.start
            if len(start) > 1:
                raise ValueError("Lark initialized with more than 1 possible start rule. Must specify which start rule to parse", start)
                raise ConfigurationError("Lark initialized with more than 1 possible start rule. Must specify which start rule to parse", start)
            start ,= start
        return self.parser.parse(input, start, *args)

        if self.skip_lexer:
            return self.parser.parse(text, start)

        lexer_thread = LexerThread(self.lexer, text)
        return self.parser.parse(lexer_thread, start)


 def get_frontend(parser, lexer):
    assert_config(parser, ('lalr', 'earley', 'cyk'))
    if not isinstance(lexer, type):     # not custom lexer?
        expected = {
            'lalr': ('standard', 'contextual'),
            'earley': ('standard', 'dynamic', 'dynamic_complete'),
            'cyk': ('standard', ),
         }[parser]
        assert_config(lexer, expected, 'Parser %r does not support lexer %%r, expected one of %%s' % parser)

    return MakeParsingFrontend(parser, lexer)


 def _get_lexer_callbacks(transformer, terminals):
@@ -95,174 +149,86 @@ class PostLexConnector:
        return self.postlexer.process(i)


 class WithLexer(_ParserFrontend):
    lexer = None
    parser = None
    lexer_conf = None
    start = None

    __serialize_fields__ = 'parser', 'lexer_conf', 'start'
    __serialize_namespace__ = LexerConf,

    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
        self.lexer_conf = lexer_conf
        self.start = parser_conf.start
        self.postlex = lexer_conf.postlex

    @classmethod
    def deserialize(cls, data, memo, callbacks, options):
        inst = super(WithLexer, cls).deserialize(data, memo)

        inst.postlex = options.postlex
        inst.parser = LALR_Parser.deserialize(inst.parser, memo, callbacks, options.debug)

        terminals = [item for item in memo.values() if isinstance(item, TerminalDef)]
        inst.lexer_conf.callbacks = _get_lexer_callbacks(options.transformer, terminals)
        inst.lexer_conf.re_module = regex if options.regex else re
        inst.lexer_conf.use_bytes = options.use_bytes
        inst.lexer_conf.g_regex_flags = options.g_regex_flags
        inst.lexer_conf.skip_validation = True
        inst.init_lexer()

        return inst

    def _serialize(self, data, memo):
        data['parser'] = data['parser'].serialize(memo)

    def make_lexer(self, text):
        lexer = self.lexer
        if self.postlex:
            lexer = PostLexConnector(self.lexer, self.postlex)
        return LexerThread(lexer, text)
 def create_traditional_lexer(lexer_conf, parser, postlex):
    return TraditionalLexer(lexer_conf)

    def parse(self, text, start=None):
        try:
            return self._parse(start, self.make_lexer(text))
        except UnexpectedInput as e:
            if e._all_terminals is None:
                e._all_terminals = self.lexer_conf.terminals
            raise e

    def init_traditional_lexer(self):
        self.lexer = TraditionalLexer(self.lexer_conf)

 class LALR_WithLexer(WithLexer):
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
        debug = options.debug if options else False
        self.parser = LALR_Parser(parser_conf, debug=debug)
        WithLexer.__init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options)

        self.init_lexer()
 def create_contextual_lexer(lexer_conf, parser, postlex):
    states = {idx:list(t.keys()) for idx, t in parser._parse_table.states.items()}
    always_accept = postlex.always_accept if postlex else ()
    return ContextualLexer(lexer_conf, states, always_accept=always_accept)

    def init_lexer(self, **kw):
        raise NotImplementedError()
 def create_lalr_parser(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
    debug = options.debug if options else False
    return LALR_Parser(parser_conf, debug=debug)

 class LALR_TraditionalLexer(LALR_WithLexer):
    def init_lexer(self):
        self.init_traditional_lexer()

 class LALR_ContextualLexer(LALR_WithLexer):
    def init_lexer(self):
        states = {idx:list(t.keys()) for idx, t in self.parser._parse_table.states.items()}
        always_accept = self.postlex.always_accept if self.postlex else ()
        self.lexer = ContextualLexer(self.lexer_conf, states, always_accept=always_accept)

 create_earley_parser = NotImplemented
 CYK_FrontEnd = NotImplemented
 ###}

 class LALR_CustomLexer(LALR_WithLexer):
    def __init__(self, lexer_cls, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
        self.lexer = lexer_cls(lexer_conf)
        debug = options.debug if options else False
        self.parser = LALR_Parser(parser_conf, debug=debug)
        WithLexer.__init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options)


 class Earley(WithLexer):
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
        WithLexer.__init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options)
        self.init_traditional_lexer()

        resolve_ambiguity = options.ambiguity == 'resolve'
        debug = options.debug if options else False
        tree_class = options.tree_class or Tree if options.ambiguity != 'forest' else None
        self.parser = earley.Parser(parser_conf, self.match, resolve_ambiguity=resolve_ambiguity, debug=debug, tree_class=tree_class)

    def make_lexer(self, text):
        return WithLexer.make_lexer(self, text).lex(None)

    def match(self, term, token):
        return term.name == token.type


 class XEarley(_ParserFrontend):
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None, **kw):
        self.terminals_by_name = {t.name:t for t in lexer_conf.terminals}
        self.start = parser_conf.start

        self._prepare_match(lexer_conf)
        resolve_ambiguity = options.ambiguity == 'resolve'
        debug = options.debug if options else False
        tree_class = options.tree_class or Tree if options.ambiguity != 'forest' else None
        self.parser = xearley.Parser(parser_conf,
                                    self.match,
                                    ignore=lexer_conf.ignore,
                                    resolve_ambiguity=resolve_ambiguity,
                                    debug=debug,
                                    tree_class=tree_class,
                                    **kw
                                    )

    def match(self, term, text, index=0):
        return self.regexps[term.name].match(text, index)

    def _prepare_match(self, lexer_conf):
 class EarleyRegexpMatcher:
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf):
        self.regexps = {}
        for t in lexer_conf.terminals:
            if t.priority != 1:
                raise ValueError("Dynamic Earley doesn't support weights on terminals", t, t.priority)
                raise GrammarError("Dynamic Earley doesn't support weights on terminals", t, t.priority)
            regexp = t.pattern.to_regexp()
            try:
                width = get_regexp_width(regexp)[0]
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError("Bad regexp in token %s: %s" % (t.name, regexp))
                raise GrammarError("Bad regexp in token %s: %s" % (t.name, regexp))
            else:
                if width == 0:
                    raise ValueError("Dynamic Earley doesn't allow zero-width regexps", t)
                    raise GrammarError("Dynamic Earley doesn't allow zero-width regexps", t)
            if lexer_conf.use_bytes:
                regexp = regexp.encode('utf-8')

            self.regexps[t.name] = lexer_conf.re_module.compile(regexp, lexer_conf.g_regex_flags)

    def parse(self, text, start):
        try:
            return self._parse(start, text)
        except UnexpectedInput as e:
            if e._all_terminals is None:
                e._all_terminals = self.terminals_by_name
            raise e
    def match(self, term, text, index=0):
        return self.regexps[term.name].match(text, index)

 class XEarley_CompleteLex(XEarley):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
        XEarley.__init__(self, *args, complete_lex=True, **kw)

 def create_earley_parser__dynamic(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None, **kw):
        earley_matcher = EarleyRegexpMatcher(lexer_conf)
        return xearley.Parser(parser_conf, earley_matcher.match, ignore=lexer_conf.ignore, **kw)

 def _match_earley_basic(term, token):
    return term.name == token.type

 class CYK(WithLexer):
 def create_earley_parser__basic(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options, **kw):
    return earley.Parser(parser_conf, _match_earley_basic, **kw)

    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
        WithLexer.__init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options)
        self.init_traditional_lexer()
 def create_earley_parser(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options):
    resolve_ambiguity = options.ambiguity == 'resolve'
    debug = options.debug if options else False
    tree_class = options.tree_class or Tree if options.ambiguity != 'forest' else None

    extra = {}
    if lexer_conf.lexer_type == 'dynamic':
        f = create_earley_parser__dynamic
    elif lexer_conf.lexer_type == 'dynamic_complete':
        extra['complete_lex'] =True
        f = create_earley_parser__dynamic
    else:
        f = create_earley_parser__basic

    return f(lexer_conf, parser_conf, options, resolve_ambiguity=resolve_ambiguity, debug=debug, tree_class=tree_class, **extra)



 class CYK_FrontEnd:
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf, parser_conf, options=None):
        self._analysis = GrammarAnalyzer(parser_conf)
        self.parser = cyk.Parser(parser_conf.rules)

        self.callbacks = parser_conf.callbacks

    def parse(self, text, start):
        tokens = list(self.make_lexer(text).lex(None))
        parse = self._parse(start, tokens)
        parse = self._transform(parse)
        return parse
    def parse(self, lexer_thread, start):
        tokens = list(lexer_thread.lex(None))
        tree = self.parser.parse(tokens, start)
        return self._transform(tree)

    def _transform(self, tree):
        subtrees = list(tree.iter_subtrees())
--- a/lark/parsers/earley.py
+++ b/lark/parsers/earley.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 """This module implements an scanerless Earley parser.
 """This module implements an Earley parser.

 The core Earley algorithm used here is based on Elizabeth Scott's implementation, here:
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571066108001497
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ The core Earley algorithm used here is based on Elizabeth Scott's implementation
 That is probably the best reference for understanding the algorithm here.

 The Earley parser outputs an SPPF-tree as per that document. The SPPF tree format
 is better documented here:
    http://www.bramvandersanden.com/post/2014/06/shared-packed-parse-forest/
 is explained here: https://lark-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_static/sppf/sppf.html
 """

 from collections import deque
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ class Parser:
                        column.add(new_item)
                        items.append(new_item)

    def _parse(self, stream, columns, to_scan, start_symbol=None):
    def _parse(self, lexer, columns, to_scan, start_symbol=None):
        def is_quasi_complete(item):
            if item.is_complete:
                return True
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ class Parser:

            if not next_set and not next_to_scan:
                expect = {i.expect.name for i in to_scan}
                raise UnexpectedToken(token, expect, considered_rules = set(to_scan))
                raise UnexpectedToken(token, expect, considered_rules=set(to_scan), state=frozenset(i.s for i in to_scan))

            return next_to_scan

@@ -262,20 +261,24 @@ class Parser:
        # Completions will be added to the SPPF tree, and predictions will be recursively
        # processed down to terminals/empty nodes to be added to the scanner for the next
        # step.
        expects = {i.expect for i in to_scan}
        i = 0
        for token in stream:
        for token in lexer.lex(expects):
            self.predict_and_complete(i, to_scan, columns, transitives)

            to_scan = scan(i, token, to_scan)
            i += 1

            expects.clear()
            expects |= {i.expect for i in to_scan}

        self.predict_and_complete(i, to_scan, columns, transitives)

        ## Column is now the final column in the parse.
        assert i == len(columns)-1
        return to_scan

    def parse(self, stream, start):
    def parse(self, lexer, start):
        assert start, start
        start_symbol = NonTerminal(start)

@@ -292,12 +295,16 @@ class Parser:
            else:
                columns[0].add(item)

        to_scan = self._parse(stream, columns, to_scan, start_symbol)
        to_scan = self._parse(lexer, columns, to_scan, start_symbol)

        # If the parse was successful, the start
        # symbol should have been completed in the last step of the Earley cycle, and will be in
        # this column. Find the item for the start_symbol, which is the root of the SPPF tree.
        solutions = [n.node for n in columns[-1] if n.is_complete and n.node is not None and n.s == start_symbol and n.start == 0]
        if not solutions:
            expected_terminals = [t.expect for t in to_scan]
            raise UnexpectedEOF(expected_terminals, state=frozenset(i.s for i in to_scan))

        if self.debug:
            from .earley_forest import ForestToPyDotVisitor
            try:
@@ -308,10 +315,7 @@ class Parser:
                debug_walker.visit(solutions[0], "sppf.png")


        if not solutions:
            expected_tokens = [t.expect for t in to_scan]
            raise UnexpectedEOF(expected_tokens)
        elif len(solutions) > 1:
        if len(solutions) > 1:
            assert False, 'Earley should not generate multiple start symbol items!'

        if self.tree_class is not None:
--- a/lark/parsers/earley_forest.py
+++ b/lark/parsers/earley_forest.py
@@ -459,15 +459,20 @@ class PackedData():
    that comes from the left child and the right child.
    """

    class _NoData():
        pass

    NO_DATA = _NoData()

    def __init__(self, node, data):
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        self.left = self.NO_DATA
        self.right = self.NO_DATA
        if data:
            if node.left:
            if node.left is not None:
                self.left = data[0]
                if len(data) > 1 and node.right:
                if len(data) > 1:
                    self.right = data[1]
            elif node.right:
            else:
                self.right = data[0]

 class ForestToParseTree(ForestTransformer):
@@ -490,19 +495,22 @@ class ForestToParseTree(ForestTransformer):
        self.prioritizer = prioritizer
        self.resolve_ambiguity = resolve_ambiguity
        self._on_cycle_retreat = False
        self._cycle_node = None
        self._successful_visits = set()

    def on_cycle(self, node, path):
        logger.warning("Cycle encountered in the SPPF at node: %s. "
        logger.debug("Cycle encountered in the SPPF at node: %s. "
                "As infinite ambiguities cannot be represented in a tree, "
                "this family of derivations will be discarded.", node)
        if self.resolve_ambiguity:
            # TODO: choose a different path if cycle is encountered
            logger.warning("At this time, using ambiguity resolution for SPPFs "
                    "with cycles may result in None being returned.")
        self._cycle_node = node
        self._on_cycle_retreat = True

    def _check_cycle(self, node):
        if self._on_cycle_retreat:
            if id(node) == id(self._cycle_node):
                self._cycle_node = None
                self._on_cycle_retreat = False
                return
            raise Discard()

    def _collapse_ambig(self, children):
@@ -531,11 +539,17 @@ class ForestToParseTree(ForestTransformer):
        raise Discard()

    def transform_symbol_node(self, node, data):
        if id(node) not in self._successful_visits:
            raise Discard()
        self._successful_visits.remove(id(node))
        self._check_cycle(node)
        data = self._collapse_ambig(data)
        return self._call_ambig_func(node, data)

    def transform_intermediate_node(self, node, data):
        if id(node) not in self._successful_visits:
            raise Discard()
        self._successful_visits.remove(id(node))
        self._check_cycle(node)
        if len(data) > 1:
            children = [self.tree_class('_inter', c) for c in data]
@@ -544,36 +558,40 @@ class ForestToParseTree(ForestTransformer):

    def transform_packed_node(self, node, data):
        self._check_cycle(node)
        if self.resolve_ambiguity and id(node.parent) in self._successful_visits:
            raise Discard()
        children = []
        assert len(data) <= 2
        data = PackedData(node, data)
        if data.left is not None:
        if data.left is not PackedData.NO_DATA:
            if node.left.is_intermediate and isinstance(data.left, list):
                children += data.left
            else:
                children.append(data.left)
        if data.right is not None:
        if data.right is not PackedData.NO_DATA:
            children.append(data.right)
        if node.parent.is_intermediate:
            return children
        return self._call_rule_func(node, children)

    def visit_symbol_node_in(self, node):
        self._on_cycle_retreat = False
        super(ForestToParseTree, self).visit_symbol_node_in(node)
        if self._on_cycle_retreat:
            return
        if self.prioritizer and node.is_ambiguous and isinf(node.priority):
            self.prioritizer.visit(node)
        if self.resolve_ambiguity:
            return node.children[0]
        return node.children

    def visit_packed_node_in(self, node):
        self._on_cycle_retreat = False
        return super(ForestToParseTree, self).visit_packed_node_in(node)
        to_visit = super(ForestToParseTree, self).visit_packed_node_in(node)
        if not self.resolve_ambiguity or id(node.parent) not in self._successful_visits:
            return to_visit

    def visit_token_node(self, node):
        self._on_cycle_retreat = False
        return super(ForestToParseTree, self).visit_token_node(node)
    def visit_packed_node_out(self, node):
        super(ForestToParseTree, self).visit_packed_node_out(node)
        if not self._on_cycle_retreat:
            self._successful_visits.add(id(node.parent))

 def handles_ambiguity(func):
    """Decorator for methods of subclasses of ``TreeForestTransformer``.
@@ -679,7 +697,10 @@ class ForestToPyDotVisitor(ForestVisitor):

    def visit(self, root, filename):
        super(ForestToPyDotVisitor, self).visit(root)
        self.graph.write_png(filename)
        try:
            self.graph.write_png(filename)
        except FileNotFoundError as e:
            logger.error("Could not write png: ", e)

    def visit_token_node(self, node):
        graph_node_id = str(id(node))
--- a/lark/parsers/lalr_parser.py
+++ b/lark/parsers/lalr_parser.py
@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@
 # Author: Erez Shinan (2017)
 # Email : erezshin@gmail.com
 from copy import deepcopy, copy
 from ..exceptions import UnexpectedCharacters, UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedToken
 from ..exceptions import UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedToken
 from ..lexer import Token
 from ..utils import Serialize

 from .lalr_analysis import LALR_Analyzer, Shift, Reduce, IntParseTable
 from .lalr_puppet import ParserPuppet

 ###{standalone

 class LALR_Parser(object):
 class LALR_Parser(Serialize):
    def __init__(self, parser_conf, debug=False):
        analysis = LALR_Analyzer(parser_conf, debug=debug)
        analysis.compute_lalr()
@@ -62,6 +63,12 @@ class ParserState(object):
    def position(self):
        return self.state_stack[-1]

    # Necessary for match_examples() to work
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, ParserState):
            return False
        return self.position == other.position

    def __copy__(self):
        return type(self)(
            self.parse_conf,
@@ -86,7 +93,7 @@ class ParserState(object):
                action, arg = states[state][token.type]
            except KeyError:
                expected = {s for s in states[state].keys() if s.isupper()}
                raise UnexpectedToken(token, expected, state=state, puppet=None)
                raise UnexpectedToken(token, expected, state=self, puppet=None)

            assert arg != end_state

@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@ class ParserState(object):
                assert not is_end
                state_stack.append(arg)
                value_stack.append(token)
                return arg
                return
            else:
                # reduce+shift as many times as necessary
                rule = arg
--- a/lark/parsers/lalr_puppet.py
+++ b/lark/parsers/lalr_puppet.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ParserPuppet(object):

        Note that ``token`` has to be an instance of ``Token``.
        """
        return self.parser_state.feed_token(token)
        return self.parser_state.feed_token(token, token.type == '$END')

    def __copy__(self):
        """Create a new puppet with a separate state.
@@ -35,15 +35,18 @@ class ParserPuppet(object):
            copy(self.lexer_state),
        )

    def copy(self):
        return copy(self)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, ParserPuppet):
            return False

        return self.parser_state == other.parser_state and self.lexer_state == other.lexer_state

    # TODO Provide with an immutable puppet instance
    # def __hash__(self):
    #     return hash((self.parser_state, self.lexer_state))
    def as_immutable(self):
        p = copy(self)
        return ImmutableParserPuppet(p.parser, p.parser_state, p.lexer_state)

    def pretty(self):
        """Print the output of ``choices()`` in a way that's easier to read."""
@@ -78,3 +81,16 @@ class ParserPuppet(object):
    def resume_parse(self):
        """Resume parsing from the current puppet state."""
        return self.parser.parse_from_state(self.parser_state)



 class ImmutableParserPuppet(ParserPuppet):
    result = None

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.parser_state, self.lexer_state))

    def feed_token(self, token):
        c = copy(self)
        c.result = ParserPuppet.feed_token(c, token)
        return c
--- a/lark/parsers/xearley.py
+++ b/lark/parsers/xearley.py
@@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ class Parser(BaseParser):
                                t = Token(item.expect.name, m.group(0), i, text_line, text_column)
                                delayed_matches[i+m.end()].append( (item, i, t) )

                    # Remove any items that successfully matched in this pass from the to_scan buffer.
                    # This ensures we don't carry over tokens that already matched, if we're ignoring below.
                    to_scan.remove(item)
                    # XXX The following 3 lines were commented out for causing a bug. See issue #768
                    # # Remove any items that successfully matched in this pass from the to_scan buffer.
                    # # This ensures we don't carry over tokens that already matched, if we're ignoring below.
                    # to_scan.remove(item)

            # 3) Process any ignores. This is typically used for e.g. whitespace.
            # We carry over any unmatched items from the to_scan buffer to be matched again after
@@ -113,7 +114,8 @@ class Parser(BaseParser):
            del delayed_matches[i+1]    # No longer needed, so unburden memory

            if not next_set and not delayed_matches and not next_to_scan:
                raise UnexpectedCharacters(stream, i, text_line, text_column, {item.expect.name for item in to_scan}, set(to_scan))
                raise UnexpectedCharacters(stream, i, text_line, text_column, {item.expect.name for item in to_scan},
                                           set(to_scan), state=frozenset(i.s for i in to_scan))

            return next_to_scan

--- a/lark/tools/nearley.py
+++ b/lark/tools/nearley.py
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ nearley_grammar = r"""
    COMMENT: /#[^\n]*/
    REGEXP: /\[.*?\]/

    %import common.ESCAPED_STRING -> STRING
    STRING: _STRING "i"?

    %import common.ESCAPED_STRING -> _STRING
    %import common.WS
    %ignore WS
    %ignore COMMENT
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ def main(fn, start, nearley_lib, es6=False):
    return create_code_for_nearley_grammar(grammar, start, os.path.join(nearley_lib, 'builtin'), os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(fn)), es6=es6)

 def get_arg_parser():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('Reads Nearley grammar (with js functions) outputs an equivalent lark parser.')
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Reads a Nearley grammar (with js functions), and outputs an equivalent lark parser.')
    parser.add_argument('nearley_grammar', help='Path to the file containing the nearley grammar')
    parser.add_argument('start_rule', help='Rule within the nearley grammar to make the base rule')
    parser.add_argument('nearley_lib', help='Path to root directory of nearley codebase (used for including builtins)')
--- a/lark/tree.py
+++ b/lark/tree.py
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ class Tree(object):

    def _pretty(self, level, indent_str):
        if len(self.children) == 1 and not isinstance(self.children[0], Tree):
            return [ indent_str*level, self._pretty_label(), '\t', '%s' % (self.children[0],), '\n']
            return [indent_str*level, self._pretty_label(), '\t', '%s' % (self.children[0],), '\n']

        l = [ indent_str*level, self._pretty_label(), '\n' ]
        l = [indent_str*level, self._pretty_label(), '\n']
        for n in self.children:
            if isinstance(n, Tree):
                l += n._pretty(level+1, indent_str)
            else:
                l += [ indent_str*(level+1), '%s' % (n,), '\n' ]
                l += [indent_str*(level+1), '%s' % (n,), '\n']

        return l

@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ class Tree(object):
 ###}

    def expand_kids_by_index(self, *indices):
        "Expand (inline) children at the given indices"
        for i in sorted(indices, reverse=True): # reverse so that changing tail won't affect indices
        """Expand (inline) children at the given indices"""
        for i in sorted(indices, reverse=True):  # reverse so that changing tail won't affect indices
            kid = self.children[i]
            self.children[i:i+1] = kid.children

@@ -144,12 +144,15 @@ class Tree(object):
    @property
    def line(self):
        return self.meta.line

    @property
    def column(self):
        return self.meta.column

    @property
    def end_line(self):
        return self.meta.end_line

    @property
    def end_column(self):
        return self.meta.end_column
@@ -168,6 +171,7 @@ def pydot__tree_to_dot(tree, filename, rankdir="LR", **kwargs):
    graph = pydot__tree_to_graph(tree, rankdir, **kwargs)
    graph.write(filename)


 def pydot__tree_to_graph(tree, rankdir="LR", **kwargs):
    """Creates a colorful image that represents the tree (data+children, without meta)

@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ def pydot__tree_to_graph(tree, rankdir="LR", **kwargs):

        subnodes = [_to_pydot(child) if isinstance(child, Tree) else new_leaf(child)
                    for child in subtree.children]
        node = pydot.Node(i[0], style="filled", fillcolor="#%x"%color, label=subtree.data)
        node = pydot.Node(i[0], style="filled", fillcolor="#%x" % color, label=subtree.data)
        i[0] += 1
        graph.add_node(node)

--- a/lark/tree_matcher.py
+++ b/lark/tree_matcher.py
@@ -69,6 +69,14 @@ def parse_rulename(s):
    return name, args



 class ChildrenLexer:
    def __init__(self, children):
        self.children = children

    def lex(self, parser_state):
        return self.children

 class TreeMatcher:
    """Match the elements of a tree node, based on an ontology
    provided by a Lark grammar.
@@ -173,6 +181,6 @@ class TreeMatcher:
            self._parser_cache[rulename] = parser

        # find a full derivation
        unreduced_tree = parser.parse(tree.children, rulename)
        unreduced_tree = parser.parse(ChildrenLexer(tree.children), rulename)
        assert unreduced_tree.data == rulename
        return unreduced_tree
--- a/lark/utils.py
+++ b/lark/utils.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import sys
 import os
 from functools import reduce
 from ast import literal_eval
 from collections import deque

 ###{standalone
 import sys, re
 import logging
 logger = logging.getLogger("lark")
 logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
@@ -12,6 +11,8 @@ logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
 # By default, we should not output any log messages
 logger.setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)

 Py36 = (sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 6))


 def classify(seq, key=None, value=None):
    d = {}
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ def classify(seq, key=None, value=None):

 def _deserialize(data, namespace, memo):
    if isinstance(data, dict):
        if '__type__' in data: # Object
        if '__type__' in data:  # Object
            class_ = namespace[data['__type__']]
            return class_.deserialize(data, memo)
        elif '@' in data:
@@ -105,7 +106,6 @@ class SerializeMemoizer(Serialize):
        return _deserialize(data, namespace, memo)



 try:
    STRING_TYPE = basestring
 except NameError:   # Python 3
@@ -118,10 +118,11 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager

 Str = type(u'')
 try:
    classtype = types.ClassType # Python2
    classtype = types.ClassType  # Python2
 except AttributeError:
    classtype = type    # Python3


 def smart_decorator(f, create_decorator):
    if isinstance(f, types.FunctionType):
        return wraps(f)(create_decorator(f, True))
@@ -139,17 +140,16 @@ def smart_decorator(f, create_decorator):
    else:
        return create_decorator(f.__func__.__call__, True)


 try:
    import regex
 except ImportError:
    regex = None

 import sys, re
 Py36 = (sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 6))

 import sre_parse
 import sre_constants
 categ_pattern = re.compile(r'\\p{[A-Za-z_]+}')

 def get_regexp_width(expr):
    if regex:
        # Since `sre_parse` cannot deal with Unicode categories of the form `\p{Mn}`, we replace these with
@@ -173,9 +173,7 @@ def dedup_list(l):
       preserving the original order of the list. Assumes that
       the list entries are hashable."""
    dedup = set()
    return [ x for x in l if not (x in dedup or dedup.add(x))]


    return [x for x in l if not (x in dedup or dedup.add(x))]


 try:
@@ -197,8 +195,6 @@ except ImportError:
            pass




 try:
    compare = cmp
 except NameError:
@@ -210,7 +206,6 @@ except NameError:
        return -1



 class Enumerator(Serialize):
    def __init__(self):
        self.enums = {}
@@ -229,31 +224,6 @@ class Enumerator(Serialize):
        return r


 def eval_escaping(s):
    w = ''
    i = iter(s)
    for n in i:
        w += n
        if n == '\\':
            try:
                n2 = next(i)
            except StopIteration:
                raise ValueError("Literal ended unexpectedly (bad escaping): `%r`" % s)
            if n2 == '\\':
                w += '\\\\'
            elif n2 not in 'uxnftr':
                w += '\\'
            w += n2
    w = w.replace('\\"', '"').replace("'", "\\'")

    to_eval = "u'''%s'''" % w
    try:
        s = literal_eval(to_eval)
    except SyntaxError as e:
        raise ValueError(s, e)

    return s


 def combine_alternatives(lists):
    """
@@ -332,4 +302,5 @@ def _serialize(value, memo):
        return list(value)  # TODO reversible?
    elif isinstance(value, dict):
        return {key:_serialize(elem, memo) for key, elem in value.items()}
    # assert value is None or isinstance(value, (int, float, str, tuple)), value
    return value
--- a/lark/visitors.py
+++ b/lark/visitors.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from .lexer import Token
 ###{standalone
 from inspect import getmembers, getmro


 class Discard(Exception):
    """When raising the Discard exception in a transformer callback,
    that node is discarded and won't appear in the parent.
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ class Discard(Exception):

 # Transformers


 class _Decoratable:
    "Provides support for decorating methods with @v_args"

@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ class _Decoratable:
 class Transformer(_Decoratable):
    """Transformers visit each node of the tree, and run the appropriate method on it according to the node's data.

    Calls its methods (provided by user via inheritance) according to ``tree.data``.
    Calls its methods (provided by the user via inheritance) according to ``tree.data``.
    The returned value replaces the old one in the structure.

    They work bottom-up (or depth-first), starting with the leaves and ending at the root of the tree.
@@ -64,12 +66,11 @@ class Transformer(_Decoratable):
    - ``Transformer_InPlaceRecursive`` - Recursive. Changes the tree in-place instead of returning new instances

    Parameters:
        visit_tokens: By default, transformers only visit rules.
            visit_tokens=True will tell ``Transformer`` to visit tokens
            as well. This is a slightly slower alternative to lexer_callbacks
            but it's easier to maintain and works for all algorithms
            (even when there isn't a lexer).
        visit_tokens (bool, optional): Should the transformer visit tokens in addition to rules.
                                       Setting this to ``False`` is slightly faster. Defaults to ``True``.
                                       (For processing ignored tokens, use the ``lexer_callbacks`` options)

    NOTE: A transformer without methods essentially performs a non-memoized deepcopy.
    """
    __visit_tokens__ = True   # For backwards compatibility

@@ -108,7 +109,6 @@ class Transformer(_Decoratable):
            except Exception as e:
                raise VisitError(token.type, token, e)


    def _transform_children(self, children):
        for c in children:
            try:
@@ -126,29 +126,29 @@ class Transformer(_Decoratable):
        return self._call_userfunc(tree, children)

    def transform(self, tree):
        "Transform the given tree, and return the final result"
        return self._transform_tree(tree)

    def __mul__(self, other):
        """Chain two transformers together, returning a new transformer.
        """
        return TransformerChain(self, other)

    def __default__(self, data, children, meta):
        """Default operation on tree (for override)
        """Default function that is called if there is no attribute matching ``data``

        Function that is called on if a function with a corresponding name has not been found.
        Defaults to reconstruct the Tree.
        Can be overridden. Defaults to creating a new copy of the tree node (i.e. ``return Tree(data, children, meta)``)
        """
        return Tree(data, children, meta)

    def __default_token__(self, token):
        """Default operation on token (for override)
        """Default function that is called if there is no attribute matching ``token.type``

        Function that is called on if a function with a corresponding name has not been found.
        Defaults to just return the argument.
        Can be overridden. Defaults to returning the token as-is.
        """
        return token



 class InlineTransformer(Transformer):   # XXX Deprecated
    def _call_userfunc(self, tree, new_children=None):
        # Assumes tree is already transformed
@@ -175,7 +175,10 @@ class TransformerChain(object):


 class Transformer_InPlace(Transformer):
    "Non-recursive. Changes the tree in-place instead of returning new instances"
    """Same as Transformer, but non-recursive, and changes the tree in-place instead of returning new instances

    Useful for huge trees. Conservative in memory.
    """
    def _transform_tree(self, tree):           # Cancel recursion
        return self._call_userfunc(tree)

@@ -187,7 +190,12 @@ class Transformer_InPlace(Transformer):


 class Transformer_NonRecursive(Transformer):
    "Non-recursive. Doesn't change the original tree."
    """Same as Transformer but non-recursive.

    Like Transformer, it doesn't change the original tree.

    Useful for huge trees.
    """

    def transform(self, tree):
        # Tree to postfix
@@ -195,7 +203,7 @@ class Transformer_NonRecursive(Transformer):
        q = [tree]
        while q:
            t = q.pop()
            rev_postfix.append( t )
            rev_postfix.append(t)
            if isinstance(t, Tree):
                q += t.children

@@ -217,15 +225,13 @@ class Transformer_NonRecursive(Transformer):
        return t



 class Transformer_InPlaceRecursive(Transformer):
    "Recursive. Changes the tree in-place instead of returning new instances"
    "Same as Transformer, recursive, but changes the tree in-place instead of returning new instances"
    def _transform_tree(self, tree):
        tree.children = list(self._transform_children(tree.children))
        return self._call_userfunc(tree)



 # Visitors

 class VisitorBase:
@@ -233,7 +239,10 @@ class VisitorBase:
        return getattr(self, tree.data, self.__default__)(tree)

    def __default__(self, tree):
        "Default operation on tree (for override)"
        """Default function that is called if there is no attribute matching ``tree.data``

        Can be overridden. Defaults to doing nothing.
        """
        return tree

    def __class_getitem__(cls, _):
@@ -241,18 +250,19 @@ class VisitorBase:


 class Visitor(VisitorBase):
    """Bottom-up visitor, non-recursive.
    """Tree visitor, non-recursive (can handle huge trees).

    Visits the tree, starting with the leaves and finally the root (bottom-up)
    Calls its methods (provided by user via inheritance) according to ``tree.data``
    Visiting a node calls its methods (provided by the user via inheritance) according to ``tree.data``
    """

    def visit(self, tree):
        "Visits the tree, starting with the leaves and finally the root (bottom-up)"
        for subtree in tree.iter_subtrees():
            self._call_userfunc(subtree)
        return tree

    def visit_topdown(self,tree):
        "Visit the tree, starting at the root, and ending at the leaves (top-down)"
        for subtree in tree.iter_subtrees_topdown():
            self._call_userfunc(subtree)
        return tree
@@ -261,11 +271,13 @@ class Visitor(VisitorBase):
 class Visitor_Recursive(VisitorBase):
    """Bottom-up visitor, recursive.

    Visits the tree, starting with the leaves and finally the root (bottom-up)
    Calls its methods (provided by user via inheritance) according to ``tree.data``
    Visiting a node calls its methods (provided by the user via inheritance) according to ``tree.data``

    Slightly faster than the non-recursive version.
    """

    def visit(self, tree):
        "Visits the tree, starting with the leaves and finally the root (bottom-up)"
        for child in tree.children:
            if isinstance(child, Tree):
                self.visit(child)
@@ -274,6 +286,7 @@ class Visitor_Recursive(VisitorBase):
        return tree

    def visit_topdown(self,tree):
        "Visit the tree, starting at the root, and ending at the leaves (top-down)"
        self._call_userfunc(tree)

        for child in tree.children:
@@ -283,7 +296,6 @@ class Visitor_Recursive(VisitorBase):
        return tree



 def visit_children_decor(func):
    "See Interpreter"
    @wraps(func)
@@ -324,8 +336,6 @@ class Interpreter(_Decoratable):
        return self.visit_children(tree)




 # Decorators

 def _apply_decorator(obj, decorator, **kwargs):
@@ -337,7 +347,6 @@ def _apply_decorator(obj, decorator, **kwargs):
        return _apply(decorator, **kwargs)



 def _inline_args__func(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def create_decorator(_f, with_self):
@@ -356,7 +365,6 @@ def inline_args(obj):   # XXX Deprecated
    return _apply_decorator(obj, _inline_args__func)



 def _visitor_args_func_dec(func, visit_wrapper=None, static=False):
    def create_decorator(_f, with_self):
        if with_self:
@@ -376,11 +384,11 @@ def _visitor_args_func_dec(func, visit_wrapper=None, static=False):
    return f


 def _vargs_inline(f, data, children, meta):
 def _vargs_inline(f, _data, children, _meta):
    return f(*children)
 def _vargs_meta_inline(f, data, children, meta):
 def _vargs_meta_inline(f, _data, children, meta):
    return f(meta, *children)
 def _vargs_meta(f, data, children, meta):
 def _vargs_meta(f, _data, children, meta):
    return f(children, meta)   # TODO swap these for consistency? Backwards incompatible!
 def _vargs_tree(f, data, children, meta):
    return f(Tree(data, children, meta))
@@ -394,10 +402,14 @@ def v_args(inline=False, meta=False, tree=False, wrapper=None):
    ``v_args`` can modify this behavior. When used on a transformer/visitor class definition,
    it applies to all the callback methods inside it.

    ``v_args`` can be applied to a single method, or to an entire class. When applied to both,
    the options given to the method take precedence.

    Parameters:
        inline: Children are provided as ``*args`` instead of a list argument (not recommended for very long lists).
        meta: Provides two arguments: ``children`` and ``meta`` (instead of just the first)
        tree: Provides the entire tree as the argument, instead of the children.
        inline (bool, optional): Children are provided as ``*args`` instead of a list argument (not recommended for very long lists).
        meta (bool, optional): Provides two arguments: ``children`` and ``meta`` (instead of just the first)
        tree (bool, optional): Provides the entire tree as the argument, instead of the children.
        wrapper (function, optional): Provide a function to decorate all methods.

    Example:
        ::
@@ -440,7 +452,7 @@ def v_args(inline=False, meta=False, tree=False, wrapper=None):
 ###}


 #--- Visitor Utilities ---
 # --- Visitor Utilities ---

 class CollapseAmbiguities(Transformer):
    """
@@ -454,7 +466,9 @@ class CollapseAmbiguities(Transformer):
    """
    def _ambig(self, options):
        return sum(options, [])

    def __default__(self, data, children_lists, meta):
        return [Tree(data, children, meta) for children in combine_alternatives(children_lists)]

    def __default_token__(self, t):
        return [t]
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ setup(
    description = "a modern parsing library",
    license = "MIT",
    keywords = "Earley LALR parser parsing ast",
    url = "https://github.com/erezsh/lark",
    download_url = "https://github.com/erezsh/lark/tarball/master",
    url = "https://github.com/lark-parser/lark",
    download_url = "https://github.com/lark-parser/lark/tarball/master",
    long_description='''
 Lark is a modern general-purpose parsing library for Python.

--- a/tests/main.py
+++ b/tests/main.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from .test_tools import TestStandalone
 from .test_cache import TestCache
 from .test_grammar import TestGrammar
 from .test_reconstructor import TestReconstructor
 from .test_tree_forest_transformer import TestTreeForestTransformer

 try:
    from .test_nearley.test_nearley import TestNearley
@@ -20,20 +21,7 @@ except ImportError:

 from .test_logger import Testlogger

 from .test_parser import (
        TestLalrStandard,
        TestEarleyStandard,
        TestCykStandard,
        TestLalrContextual,
        TestEarleyDynamic,
        TestLalrCustom,

        # TestFullEarleyStandard,
        TestFullEarleyDynamic,
        TestFullEarleyDynamic_complete,

        TestParsers,
        )
 from .test_parser import * # We define __all__ to list which TestSuites to run

 logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

--- a/tests/test_parser.py
+++ b/tests/test_parser.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from copy import copy, deepcopy
 from lark.utils import Py36, isascii

 from lark import Token
 from lark.load_grammar import FromPackageLoader

 try:
    from cStringIO import StringIO as cStringIO
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
    regex = None

 import lark
 from lark import logger
 from lark.lark import Lark
 from lark.exceptions import GrammarError, ParseError, UnexpectedToken, UnexpectedInput, UnexpectedCharacters
@@ -36,9 +38,9 @@ from lark.tree import Tree
 from lark.visitors import Transformer, Transformer_InPlace, v_args
 from lark.grammar import Rule
 from lark.lexer import TerminalDef, Lexer, TraditionalLexer
 from lark.indenter import Indenter

 logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

 __all__ = ['TestParsers']

 __path__ = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 def _read(n, *args):
@@ -322,6 +324,22 @@ class TestParsers(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_alias(self):
        Lark("""start: ["a"] "b" ["c"] "e" ["f"] ["g"] ["h"] "x" -> d """)

    def test_backwards_custom_lexer(self):
        class OldCustomLexer(Lexer):
            def __init__(self, lexer_conf):
                pass

            def lex(self, text):
                yield Token('A', 'A')

        p = Lark("""
        start: A
        %declare A
        """, parser='lalr', lexer=OldCustomLexer)

        r = p.parse('')
        self.assertEqual(r, Tree('start', [Token('A', 'A')]))



 def _make_full_earley_test(LEXER):
@@ -745,6 +763,76 @@ def _make_full_earley_test(LEXER):
            tree = parser.parse(text)
            self.assertEqual(tree.children, ['foo', 'bar'])

        def test_cycle(self):
            grammar = """
            start: start?
            """

            l = Lark(grammar, ambiguity='resolve', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('start', []))

            l = Lark(grammar, ambiguity='explicit', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('start', []))

        def test_cycles(self):
            grammar = """
            a: b
            b: c*
            c: a
            """

            l = Lark(grammar, start='a', ambiguity='resolve', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('a', [Tree('b', [])]))

            l = Lark(grammar, start='a', ambiguity='explicit', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('a', [Tree('b', [])]))

        def test_many_cycles(self):
            grammar = """
            start: a? | start start
            !a: "a"
            """

            l = Lark(grammar, ambiguity='resolve', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('a')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('start', [Tree('a', ['a'])]))

            l = Lark(grammar, ambiguity='explicit', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('a')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('start', [Tree('a', ['a'])]))

        def test_cycles_with_child_filter(self):
            grammar = """
            a: _x
            _x: _x? b
            b:
            """

            grammar2 = """
            a: x
            x: x? b
            b:
            """

            l = Lark(grammar, start='a', ambiguity='resolve', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('')
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('a', [Tree('b', [])]))

            l = Lark(grammar, start='a', ambiguity='explicit', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('');
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('a', [Tree('b', [])]))

            l = Lark(grammar2, start='a', ambiguity='resolve', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('');
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('a', [Tree('x', [Tree('b', [])])]))

            l = Lark(grammar2, start='a', ambiguity='explicit', lexer=LEXER)
            tree = l.parse('');
            self.assertEqual(tree, Tree('a', [Tree('x', [Tree('b', [])])]))



@@ -768,16 +856,32 @@ def _make_full_earley_test(LEXER):
    _NAME = "TestFullEarley" + LEXER.capitalize()
    _TestFullEarley.__name__ = _NAME
    globals()[_NAME] = _TestFullEarley
    __all__.append(_NAME)

 class CustomLexer(Lexer):
 class CustomLexerNew(Lexer):
    """
    Purpose of this custom lexer is to test the integration,
    so it uses the traditionalparser as implementation without custom lexing behaviour.
    """
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf):
        self.lexer = TraditionalLexer(copy(lexer_conf))
    def lex(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.lexer.lex(*args, **kwargs)
    def lex(self, lexer_state, parser_state):
        return self.lexer.lex(lexer_state, parser_state)

    __future_interface__ = True

 class CustomLexerOld(Lexer):
    """
    Purpose of this custom lexer is to test the integration,
    so it uses the traditionalparser as implementation without custom lexing behaviour.
    """
    def __init__(self, lexer_conf):
        self.lexer = TraditionalLexer(copy(lexer_conf))
    def lex(self, text):
        ls = self.lexer.make_lexer_state(text)
        return self.lexer.lex(ls, None)

    __future_interface__ = False

 def _tree_structure_check(a, b):
    """
@@ -851,12 +955,31 @@ class DualBytesLark:
            self.bytes_lark.load(f)

 def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
    lexer_class_or_name = CustomLexer if LEXER == 'custom' else LEXER
    lexer_class_or_name = {
        'custom_new': CustomLexerNew,
        'custom_old': CustomLexerOld,
    }.get(LEXER, LEXER)

    def _Lark(grammar, **kwargs):
        return Lark(grammar, lexer=lexer_class_or_name, parser=PARSER, propagate_positions=True, **kwargs)
    def _Lark_open(gfilename, **kwargs):
        return Lark.open(gfilename, lexer=lexer_class_or_name, parser=PARSER, propagate_positions=True, **kwargs)

    if (LEXER, PARSER) == ('standard', 'earley'):
        # Check that the `lark.lark` grammar represents can parse every example used in these tests.
        # Standard-Earley was an arbitrary choice, to make sure it only ran once.
        lalr_parser = Lark.open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(lark.__file__), 'grammars/lark.lark'), parser='lalr')
        def wrap_with_test_grammar(f):
            def _f(x, **kwargs):
                inst = f(x, **kwargs)
                lalr_parser.parse(inst.source_grammar) # Test after instance creation. When the grammar should fail, don't test it.
                return inst
            return _f

        _Lark = wrap_with_test_grammar(_Lark)
        _Lark_open = wrap_with_test_grammar(_Lark_open)


    class _TestParser(unittest.TestCase):
        def test_basic1(self):
            g = _Lark("""start: a+ b a* "b" a*
@@ -1412,7 +1535,7 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
                      %s""" % (' '.join(tokens), '\n'.join("%s: %s"%x for x in tokens.items())))

        def test_float_without_lexer(self):
            expected_error = UnexpectedCharacters if LEXER.startswith('dynamic') else UnexpectedToken
            expected_error = UnexpectedCharacters if 'dynamic' in LEXER else UnexpectedToken
            if PARSER == 'cyk':
                expected_error = ParseError

@@ -1545,13 +1668,13 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
            self.assertEqual(d.line, 2)
            self.assertEqual(d.column, 2)

            if LEXER != 'dynamic':
                self.assertEqual(a.end_line, 1)
                self.assertEqual(a.end_column, 2)
                self.assertEqual(bc.end_line, 2)
                self.assertEqual(bc.end_column, 2)
                self.assertEqual(d.end_line, 2)
                self.assertEqual(d.end_column, 3)
            # if LEXER != 'dynamic':
            self.assertEqual(a.end_line, 1)
            self.assertEqual(a.end_column, 2)
            self.assertEqual(bc.end_line, 2)
            self.assertEqual(bc.end_column, 2)
            self.assertEqual(d.end_line, 2)
            self.assertEqual(d.end_column, 3)



@@ -1782,7 +1905,7 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
            """
            self.assertRaises(IOError, _Lark, grammar)

        @unittest.skipIf(LEXER=='dynamic', "%declare/postlex doesn't work with dynamic")
        @unittest.skipIf('dynamic' in LEXER, "%declare/postlex doesn't work with dynamic")
        def test_postlex_declare(self): # Note: this test does a lot. maybe split it up?
            class TestPostLexer:
                def process(self, stream):
@@ -1805,6 +1928,59 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
            tree = parser.parse(test_file)
            self.assertEqual(tree.children, [Token('B', 'A')])

        @unittest.skipIf('dynamic' in LEXER, "%declare/postlex doesn't work with dynamic")
        def test_postlex_indenter(self):
            class CustomIndenter(Indenter):
                NL_type = 'NEWLINE'
                OPEN_PAREN_types = []
                CLOSE_PAREN_types = []
                INDENT_type = 'INDENT'
                DEDENT_type = 'DEDENT'
                tab_len = 8

            grammar = r"""
            start: "a" NEWLINE INDENT "b" NEWLINE DEDENT

            NEWLINE: ( /\r?\n */  )+

            %ignore " "+
            %declare INDENT DEDENT
            """

            parser = _Lark(grammar, postlex=CustomIndenter())
            parser.parse("a\n    b\n")

        def test_import_custom_sources(self):
            custom_loader = FromPackageLoader('tests', ('grammars', ))

            grammar = """
            start: startab

            %import ab.startab
            """

            p = _Lark(grammar, import_paths=[custom_loader])
            self.assertEqual(p.parse('ab'),
                             Tree('start', [Tree('startab', [Tree('ab__expr', [Token('ab__A', 'a'), Token('ab__B', 'b')])])]))

            grammar = """
            start: rule_to_import

            %import test_relative_import_of_nested_grammar__grammar_to_import.rule_to_import
            """
            p = _Lark(grammar, import_paths=[custom_loader])
            x = p.parse('N')
            self.assertEqual(next(x.find_data('rule_to_import')).children, ['N'])

            custom_loader2 = FromPackageLoader('tests')
            grammar = """
            %import .test_relative_import (start, WS)
            %ignore WS
            """
            p = _Lark(grammar, import_paths=[custom_loader2], source_path=__file__) # import relative to current file
            x = p.parse('12 capybaras')
            self.assertEqual(x.children, ['12', 'capybaras'])

        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER == 'cyk', "Doesn't work for CYK")
        def test_prioritization(self):
            "Tests effect of priority on result"
@@ -1849,7 +2025,7 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):



        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER != 'earley' or LEXER == 'standard', "Currently only Earley supports priority sum in rules")
        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER != 'earley' or 'dynamic' not in LEXER, "Currently only Earley supports priority sum in rules")
        def test_prioritization_sum(self):
            "Tests effect of priority on result"

@@ -2060,9 +2236,9 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
            self.assertEqual(tok, text)
            self.assertEqual(tok.line, 1)
            self.assertEqual(tok.column, 1)
            if _LEXER != 'dynamic':
                self.assertEqual(tok.end_line, 2)
                self.assertEqual(tok.end_column, 6)
            # if _LEXER != 'dynamic':
            self.assertEqual(tok.end_line, 2)
            self.assertEqual(tok.end_column, 6)

        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER=='cyk', "Empty rules")
        def test_empty_end(self):
@@ -2153,7 +2329,7 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
            parser = _Lark(grammar)


        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER!='lalr' or LEXER=='custom', "Serialize currently only works for LALR parsers without custom lexers (though it should be easy to extend)")
        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER!='lalr' or 'custom' in LEXER, "Serialize currently only works for LALR parsers without custom lexers (though it should be easy to extend)")
        def test_serialize(self):
            grammar = """
                start: _ANY b "C"
@@ -2199,6 +2375,31 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
                self.assertEqual(a.line, 1)
                self.assertEqual(b.line, 2)

        @unittest.skipIf(PARSER=='cyk' or LEXER=='custom_old', "match_examples() not supported for CYK/old custom lexer")
        def test_match_examples(self):
            p = _Lark(r"""
                start: "a" "b" "c"
            """)

            def match_error(s):
                try:
                    _ = p.parse(s)
                except UnexpectedInput as u:
                    return u.match_examples(p.parse, {
                        0: ['abe'],
                        1: ['ab'],
                        2: ['cbc', 'dbc'],
                    })
                assert False

            assert match_error("abe") == 0
            assert match_error("ab") == 1
            assert match_error("bbc") == 2
            assert match_error("cbc") == 2
            self.assertEqual( match_error("dbc"), 2 )
            self.assertEqual( match_error("ebc"), 2 )


        @unittest.skipIf(not regex or sys.version_info[0] == 2, 'Unicode and Python 2 do not place nicely together.')
        def test_unicode_class(self):
            "Tests that character classes from the `regex` module work correctly."
@@ -2257,17 +2458,21 @@ def _make_parser_test(LEXER, PARSER):
    _TestParser.__name__ = _NAME
    _TestParser.__qualname__ = "tests.test_parser." + _NAME
    globals()[_NAME] = _TestParser
    __all__.append(_NAME)

 # Note: You still have to import them in __main__ for the tests to run
 _TO_TEST = [
        ('standard', 'earley'),
        ('standard', 'cyk'),
        ('standard', 'lalr'),

        ('dynamic', 'earley'),
        ('dynamic_complete', 'earley'),
        ('standard', 'lalr'),

        ('contextual', 'lalr'),
        ('custom', 'lalr'),
        # (None, 'earley'),

        ('custom_new', 'lalr'),
        ('custom_new', 'cyk'),
        ('custom_old', 'earley'),
 ]

 for _LEXER, _PARSER in _TO_TEST: